Same Sex Marriage Essay -- Homosexuality, argumentative, persuasive

Many years ago one may have thought that marriage was just between a man and a woman alone today that is not always the good example. People of this era have now begun to exploring a new aspect of marriage, similar sex marriage. Should two people of the same sex be allowed to marry?Throughout the years same sex couples have been pursuing the same rights as heterosexual couples. Since the 1970s homosexual couples have been trying climb this social ladder and gain their courteous rights. They have been seeking the government recognition as a domestic partnership since the 1980s. it wasnt until the late 1990s when the state of California legalized domestic partnership but very few followed. This allowed extensive rights to couples that werent married. But the couples partnership was only recognized in the state in which they were married. Gay and lesbian couples then began to seek recognition from the government through civil union. Even though it was still only recognized in the s tate in which the union was performed, civil union gave the unmarried couples even more extended rights. This was first passed by Vermont 2000 and yet again only a few followed. Homosexuals still felt that even though domestic partnerships and civil unions were major appal troughs they were not marriage. Neither of domestic partnership nor civil union would have even contributed to the court cases of the nation of Cooper and Dean v. District of Columbia. In the Estate of Cooper case of 1993, Cooper died and left his belongings to his ex-spouse. His present spouse sued hoping to inherit his belongings as a surviving spouse. The court denied his case and stated that a surviving spouse is considered only as a lawfully recognized husband or wife. In 1995, in the ... ...r marriage to be between one man and one woman, not between two men or two women. Same sex marriage is nothing but detestation. If a man also lie with mankind, as he lieth with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination They shall surely be put to dying their blood shall be upon them. Letiviticus 2013Works Citedhttp//www.equalitymaine.org/marriage-civil-unions-and-domestic-partnerships-comparisonhttp//www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0922609.htmlhttp//www.casebriefs.com/blog/law/wills-trusts-estates/wills-trusts-estates-keyed-to-dobris/estate-and-trust-administration/in-re-estate-of-cooper-2/http//www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=16430http//www.mit.edu/thistle/v13/3/marriage.htmlhttp//www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/Press_Releases/STDGay2000.htmhttp//atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/18/more-legal-maneuvering-in-dont-ask-dont-tell-repeal/

Law School Admissions Essay - The Spirit Lives -- Sample Law School Ad

Hasta la victoria siempre. (Che Guevara) I want to study law so I can help people with problems in the civiliseplace. I am unhappy with the decrease in real wages, the huge increase in temporary and odd-job(prenominal) employment that includes few or no fringe-benefits, and the continued universe of discourse of unsafe work places. I entrust that technological advances are going to continue to put people out of work, perhaps on a monumental scale, in the next twenty to fifty years, and that government, business, and workers will have a new opportunity to share the gains in productivity that are to come. I believe that people have the right to work at a job that allows them to afford to raise a family, live in a comfortable, safe home, and work in a safe environment. I want to devote my work to improving workers pay levels, assuring them access to health care, paid vacation time, honest treatment by their employers, and physical safety in the work place. Increasing the number of safe, well-paid, secure jobs will go a long way towards helping alleviate many of the social ills that are associated with poverty. I was involved with labor issues at my job at the San Francisco International Youth Hostel, where I worked from 1992 to 1996. I helped direct a group of workers there to discuss our work place and to smooth out scheduling conflicts between management and our group of workers. In September 1995, part-time staffs holiday pay was taken away without any discussion at all, and I called the Executive Director of the Company the (The Golden Gate Council) and persuaded her to re-institute it. I was on a regular basis consulted for my opinion on various wage, hour and working-condition matters. I have seen how working people organize them... ...ing as a community organizer for a military volunteer service-exchange program that benefits seniors and the disabled. the work I am doing reinforces the goals I have of helping solve problems in the workplace. A t my job here in West and southmost Berkeley, I have again seen the poverty that a dearth of good jobs breeds in a community. I want to help raise my communitys living standards through with(predicate) a more equitable sharing of the resources we transform in our workplaces. The last thing I can say about myself is that I am arouse in almost everything and hope to learn much more about solutions to social problems, science, questions of spirituality and religion, history, visual arts, music, literature, and the list could go on for a turn form there. The curiosity and interest in knowing about the world is an asset that I will take into whatever endeavor I choose.

Tribalism :: Personal Narrative Papers

Tribalism I. My sister recently put a map of the world in her bedroom, where she dreams always of being chased. Warfare is the greatest juncture of state, the basis of life and death, the Tao of survival and extinction. It must be thoroughly pondered and analyzed. If you want to succeed in battle, act as if deranged. 1 I overheard two women arguing. ace of them was me, in a later life. The other was God. My sister pushes her dream away and well c every her a mystic her lived reality defers to the visions, and details of where well live, how well earn a living, or who is at the door sink into the background. If creatures are helpless in a world of flags and fairies, we can break tyrants with our fists. Why wake up from that vision? If I could remember, I would never return to sunburn, rental cars, boy scout leaders, garbage, greasy hair, no water in the desert, cold nights of sweat and gleaning. Trust me. Spring the noose - a package with an umbilical cord, ties straining. Mou rning doves and the sound of birds and rapids. The wind pushes the river backwards, completing the cycle. Before night fell into your lap you stared blankly at the traffic pass on the corner wondering, why consult the Book of Changes? Every sign you need is right here fire trucks a staple on put up street, power lines buzzing overhead like soldiers of fortune. The planets align in your seventh house, poking feebly at an electromagnetic field. So if I ever advance anything Im lying to you. Feel better or worse, see if I care. March toward madness, in the evening we swore up and shovel in to stay alive. Foundry the boundary down to the last gravedigger. Morning or evening times are unimportant dont live to compete, but fight when you must for a better world. We are all singers and mad and we make less and less money every year. Perhaps you care about all this loss, heaped onto your plate like steaming eggs on an English. Further along and we come to a crossing, where I found you w aiting for me and left. Pretend you have come to a crossing. Not a fork in the yellow wood but a good city intersection, with traffic and manholes and strangers not particularly watching.

Quality - John Galsworthy :: Free Essay Writer

Quality - John GalsworthyExhausted, bitter, and miserable is the way that many people feel when they agitate up in the morning to get ready for work. Even the very thought of work puts some people in a bad mood. Others whitethorn not mind work but still do not look forward to going. It is a rare occasion to find someone who is in all satisfied with his or her career. However, for one man, work is bliss. In Quality by Galsworthy, Gessler, the brake shoe murderr, is shown to be a man of integrity and of complete dedication to his work. Mr. Gessler had his own shoe business where he made leather boots. His dedication is shown through the fact that, He made only what was ordered, never taking ready-made shoes voltaic pile from the shelf. (Quality pg. 213.) He cherished each match of boots to be a custom fit to each individual and for every pair he made, he used a pattern taken from the customers foot size. One day the narrator of the story walked into Mr. Galsworthys shop wearing a pair of boots from a boastful business. Mr. Gessler noticed them right away and after a short time he said, Dey get id all, dey get id by advertisement, gesticulate by work. Dey take it away from us, who lofe our boots. (Quality pg.215) Later in the story, the reader comes to find out that Mr. Gessler is forced to sacrifice half of his shop to a big business. This did not faze him, and he continued to make his boots for the same price and with the same amount of painstaking work. He must be truly dedicated in order to love his business unconditionally. Mr. Gessler spent such an incredible amount of time preparing the shoes, never trying to expiate the process, in order to make them as perfect as possible and because of this, he stood behind all of his work. The narrator, absent-minded of the fact that Mr.Gessler was so passionate about his boots once said to him, Mr. Gessler, that last pair of boots creaked, you know. Angered by the boys comment, Mr. Gessler said, Zend dem back I will look at dem. He went on to say, Zome boods, are bad from birdt. If I give the sack do noding wid dem, I dake dem off your bill. (Quality pg. 215) Not only does this show dedication, but also integrity because he was honest about his work and wanted to satisfy his customer.

Alabama :: essays research papers

It must have been around eleven oclock in the morning when I awoke from a stuffy and uncomfortable sleep, in the back of a contemptible mini-van. My mouth was dry, my nose was sore, and my eyes itched from sleep crust. A huge yawn escaped from my mouth as I tried to stretch my aching limbs. As I was stretching out, I accidentally kicked my little brother Sam in the head. So much for peaceful sleep, he woke up in a foul mood. He must have thought that I kicked him on purpose because he punched me as hard as he could in my leg.I got truly mad at him I yelled " Why did you do that, I kicked you by accident?" I punched him in his chest. Now he was really mad, his screeching and his curses were pretty incoherent. He said something like " Punk why did you hit me?" I said " You hit me first, call me a nonher punk and Ill hit you once again" We probably sounded like two babbling drunks because we were half sleep and using slurred speech. I was about to belt him o ne more for getting in my face but that was before he yelled "Auntie, Ron hit me" I said in a whinny little voice " He started it auntie, I didnt do nothing" "Knock it off you two, cant you see that I am trying to drive?" "Keep quiet before you wake up your grandma and your sisters", said Aunt Florence as she gripped the wheel with one hand and turned to give us that cold " dont mess with me today stare". That kept us quiet, we did not utter another word after that.As for not waking everybody else up, it was too late for that. Brenda, who is the youngest, awoke first. She was being pretty quiet but the silence would not last. She wanted to stop and use the bathroom but instead of waiting for auntie to find a rest stop she thought it would be break up to nag everyones ears off. Her nagging and whining woke Remy up she is the oldest girl. The first thing that came out of her mouth was " Im hungry lets stop at McDonalds" She was not too happy when Aunt Florence told her to typeface for a ham sandwich in the cooler because we werent stopping until we got to

Alabama :: essays research papers

It must have been around eleven oclock in the morning when I awoke from a stuffy and uncomfortable sleep, in the back of a moving mini-van. My mouth was dry, my nose was sore, and my eyes itched from sleep crust. A huge yawn escape from my mouth as I tried to stretch my aching limbs. As I was stretching out, I accidentally kicked my little brother Sam in the head. So much for peaceful sleep, he woke up in a foul mood. He must have thought that I kicked him on propose because he punched me as hard as he could in my leg.I got really mad at him I yelled " Why did you do that, I kicked you by accident?" I punched him in his chest. Now he was really mad, his screaming and his curses were pretty incoherent. He say something like " Punk why did you hit me?" I said " You hit me first, call me another punk and Ill hit you again" We probably sounded like two babbling drunks because we were half sleep and using spiel speech. I was about to belt him one more for getti ng in my face but that was before he yelled "Auntie, Ron hit me" I said in a whinny little voice " He started it aunty, I didnt do nothing" "Knock it off you two, cant you see that I am toilsome to drive?" "Keep quiet before you wake up your grandmother and your sisters", said Aunt Florence as she gripped the wheel with one hand and turned to reelect us that cold " dont mess with me today stare". That kept us quiet, we did not utter another word after that.As for not waking everybody else up, it was overly late for that. Brenda, who is the youngest, awoke first. She was being pretty quiet but the silence would not last. She wanted to stop and use the bathroom but instead of waiting for auntie to find a rest stop she thought it would be better to nag everyones ears off. Her nagging and whining woke Remy up she is the oldest girl. The first thing that came out of her mouth was " Im empty lets stop at McDonalds" She was not too happy when Aunt Florence told her to look for a ham sandwich in the cooler because we werent stopping until we got to

Biological Theories of Aging

senescent is a biological phenomenon all the living things argon undergoing. We are not sure about anything in the world except the senescent. We are approaching getting nearer to the death from the duration of the birth onwards. No living thing in the world has the ability to defeat death as it occurs sometimes inherently and sometimes accidently. Aging has different dimensions like physical, psychological, and social. There are many biological theories with respect to aging.Simple Deterioration, Non-programmed Aging and Programmed Aging, Autoimmunity supposition, Free radial theory, Telomerase conjecture of Aging etc are some of them. This paper briefly excuses some of the biological theories of aging mentioned above. Aging Simple Deterioration Theory/ Wear and tear theory Simple Deterioration Theory argues that Aging is the accumulative result of universal deteriorative processes much(prenominal) as oxidation, molecular revile, wear and tear, or accumulation of adverse byp roducts (G honest-to-goodnesssmith, p. 3). charge though man and machine are two entirely different things, both of them have certain similarities in their functioning.No machine is able to function much than particular period of time be produce of the wear and tear due to continuous work. Same way bodies of the living things are also undergoing continuous work which causes remedy to the parts of the dust. Even though we refill the fuels in the form of food, nutrients and water, there are certain limitations for the organic structure of the living things to survive for a longer period. In chemistry, most of the chemical reactions yield products and by-products. These by-products are not necessarily the intended one.Same way our body chemistry also yields different by-products which are harmful to our wellness and may reduce our life span. At the same time we cannot avoid the production of such by-products Aging Non-programmed Aging Theory Non-programmed theory of aging believes that aging is a peaceful result of an organisms inability to better resist fundamental deteriorative processes. Moreover aging serves no purpose, is not an adaptation, and is not programmed (Goldsmith, p. 8). Our body is undergoing lot of changes and processes virtually in very seconds. Most of the activities inside our body are beyond our control.For example, the pumping of blood by the heart is not done with our permission. We cannot exclude any of the internal functions. Everything inside our body is tuned to do certain things and any malfunctions occur inside our body may result in diseases. We are passive observers of our body functions. Aging Programmed Aging Theory Organisms are purposely designed and genetically programmed to age or otherwise limit life span because the handicap and life span limitation serves an evolutionary purpose (Goldsmith, p. 9). It is unimaginable to think of a world without death for living things.The earth might not be able to give shelter to al l the living things if death was not there. So as part of the natural evolution process, nature has programmed death natural and accidental to all the living things. August Weismann (18341914), the great German theorist and experimental biologist of the 19th century, was one of the first biologists to use evolutionary arguments to explain aging. His initial idea was that there exists a specific death-mechanism designed by natural selection to eliminate the old, and therefore worn-out, members of a population.The purpose of this programmed death of the old is to clean up the living space and to free up resources for younger generations (Gavrilov &Gavrilova) Aging Autoimmunity theory This theory argues that our body has the tendency to reject its own tissues with the change magnitude age ( biologic theories of aging, p. 21). For example, it is difficult for the older people to take heavy foods because of digestion problems. Moreover, it is a fact that we are losing many hairs and ski n and nail cells periodically. In other words, our body has the tendency to reject certain things as time passes.Free radical theory Free radical theory says that certain chemical compounds in our body does damage which accumulates to produce aging (Biological theories of aging, p. 22). Our body is just like a factory. We know that a factory can produce lot of industrial wastes and these wastes can sometimes affect the functioning of the factory. Same way our body also produces lot of harmful wastes. Some of them go forth be released through, stools, urines, and sweats. But most of the harmful wastes will be accumulated at some part of the body like Kidney. Kidney stone is a common disease occurring in many people.Kidney failures can cause problems to the blood purification purpose and death can happen. Telomerase Theory of Aging Discovered by scientists at the Geron Corporation, Telomerase Theory of Aging argues that telomeres (the sequences of nucleic acids extending from the end s of chromosomes), shorten every time a cell divides. This shortening of telomeres is believed to lead to cellular damage due to the inability of the cell to duplicate itself correctly. Each time a cell divides it duplicates itself a little worse than the time before, thus this eventually leads to cellular dysfunction, aging and indeed death (Kleinsek Ph.D. ) We have the ability to either accelerate or tiresome sown the DNA damage. Those who have the ability to slow down the DNA damage may live much longer than those who have not such abilities. DNA can be repaired using artificial means up to certain extent which can delay the death. But under no circumstances, it is manageable to avoid death as per the researches and detectings till now. Conclusions Aging is a natural phenomenon incorporated to all the living things by nature in order to find spaces for the coming generation.Even though there are many biological theories are there with respect to aging and death, all of them un animously agree that death is inevitable.Works Cited 1. Biological Theories of Aging. 16 March 2010. 2. Gavrilov Leonid A and Gavrilova Natalia S. 2002. Evolutionary Theories of Aging and Longevity. 16 March 2010. 3. Goldsmith, Theodore. C. 2009. Theories of Biological Aging. 16 March 2010. 4. Kleinsek, Don Ph. D. Theories of Aging. 16 March 2010. http//www. antiaging-systems. com/agetheory. htm

Negative effects of video games Essay

Claim Negative effects of painting granulars and results of overuse conduct to many side effectsI. Major idea Video games promote unhealthy activityA. Opposing view Video games may help children in following instructions, problem solving and logic Source Raise Smart Kid. (2014). The positive and negative effects of television set games. B. Refute Children finding combative motion-picture show games tend to nonplus aggression programmed in their minds Counter-argument Violent and aggressive video games users may connect violence to entertainment and pursue it as a beginning in reality Source Layton, J. (2014). Howstuffworks do violent video games lead to real violence?.II. Major idea Fierce incidents argon happening with children and teenagers and adolescence who have been proved to be putting a lot of hours playing video games affect. A. Opposing view Not all incidents ar connected to video games which intend video games be not the sole contributor violence Source LiveSci ence.com. (2014). Video games not to blame for violence.III. Major idea Video games are handsomecapable of confusing reality and fantasy for theuser A. Opposing view Children playing video games may improve their inductive reasoning, logic and concentration in real life Source Raise Smart Kid. (2014). The positive and negative effects of video games.Video GamesShaping the Worlds Y revealhcosmos are constantly on the pursuit of happiness, we have a habit of fulfilling this happiness with entertainment. People will do basically anything to satisfy this need, if its television, the internet or any kind of gaming, we will do it to entertain ourselves. However these come with consequences that may alter our life. While technology is evolving more and more video games are becoming more complicated, violent, and very realistic its are bad for you. Teens are caught in the middle of these new generation violent games which tend to influence them unitary mode or another. Video games stand as natural educators they provide a lot of practice and have rewards for success in the required action, core violent games include a lot of killing and being rewarded for it. These days it is hard to find a game that doesnt contain violence, aggression or bad language. So overuse of video games is leading to mild and serious negative effects in children and adolescence.Video games promote unhealthy activity dependency to video games really contributes to unhealthy activities. Bit by bit the gamer will stop putting hours into exercising and taking vex of his priorities at his age and screw up in more and more gaming. (As cited in The Harmful Effects of Video Games on Children.According to CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), obesity rates for adults have multiply and the rates for children have tripled since 1980. Although we must admit that we cannot blame this fact on video games alone, however it isnt just a coincidence that these rates are during the same years the market for video games began to boom. Not to mention video-induced seizures which are relatively common in children with past experiences with this condition. Additionally, although not as major, postural disorders may happen from all the time put into gaming, which turn into a problem into that persons future.Confusing Reality and FantasyOur brain is like clay we throw up it and evolve it by the stimulus we give it. So if we expose our brains to constant fantasy, role-playing, and game violence it will definitely be embedded in the way we see the outside world. Todays video gamers are so instilled in their games that they may even mistake fantasy with reality and vice versa. (As cited in John Walkers Fantasy and Reality Can Gamers Tell?) Repeating a task many times in a game means your brain flickers on the idea of doing it in real life. In my experience, I have seen many of friends arise so attached and neurotic about a game that everything they talk about is connected to it. Adventure games that have many cut scenes and events happening have a habit of blurring out the users mind and making him/her eager to finish it as soon as possible. When I play a new game on my PlayStation I get so excited that I spend hours and hours without budging from my place, I obsess about it and it becomes all I think about in reality. As a person gets addicted and plays hours consecutively he/she will ultimately skip anything that comes their way to play another hour, it may lead to sleep deprivation Sleep deprivation is a serious problem since almost anything we do in our lives requires a certain amount of concentration.Without concentration, the simplest achievements could turn into a complicated situation. Children and adolescence will start locomote back in their indoctrinate work, missing deadlines, and might even end up failing a certain subject. A decline in school achievements is inevitable since the main focus of the child is now their favorite video game. Author Andrea Norcia stated in her article (as cited in Parents and Teachers TheImpact of Video Games) students who play excessive video games are more likely to be more aggressive, more prone to confrontation with their teachers and may engage fights with their peers. Although some scientific tests through on gamers suggesting and enhancement in cognitive abilities and the capability to concentrate, other studies showed that games are damaging to the mind, can help childrens attention issues and damage long barrier concentration spans.Violent Incidents Regarding Video GamesViolence is the main theme of many video games if not most, if you succeed in killing perfectly you will eventually receive awards and in the end finishing the game wanting so much more. Teens averaging 13 hours per week of continuous video games are really pass judgment to display many aggressive behaviors. Game designers might or might not intend these large effects but both ways the children are caught in between. Basically violent games demonstrate aggressive behavior on repeat humans tend to take in information clearer in a repetitive and continuous lesson. Its not a surprise youths exhibit more aggressive behaviors and attitudes. Decrease in empathy for victims lead to a luxuriouslyer orifice of people to become more violent individuals. Aggressive delinquency is very common among students who play intense video games since authority is absent in video games, meaning a player is not punished for his action as in real life. Several incidents that were reported in the United States have been conjugated one way or another with the overuse of video games effecting teens minds.As Julia Layton specified in her article, On April 20, 1999, two seniors walked into their Colorado high school carrying assault rifles, and they opened fire. They shot dozens of people, killing 12 students and one teacher, and the nation was floored. School shootings had happened before, but this was a new sc ope of carnage, and in the ensuing search for answers it came out the shooters had spent a lot of time playing violent video games. (As cited in Do Violent Video Games start to Real Violence?). These incidents are the fatal ones, ones that hit from nowhere and cause great damage, and it is this problem that leads us to dig more and more about what these aggressive and violent games are doing to young minds. The miracle and importance oflife is now taken for granted thanks to games which render the idea of someone losing his/her life and making a fun and entertaining storyline filled with aggression and gore. Video game users are more likely to feature hostile and aggressive behavior to others, exhibiting actions such(prenominal) as bullying, gender and other kinds of stereotyping, and reduction of understanding others. While not all incidents of violence are directly connected to video games, it is definitely charge taking a way one factor of violence and especially this factor si nce it starts so soon in children and teens. The disruption of the mind of players is numerous. Some video games teach the wrong values and undermine the worth of a persons life being taken which consequently takes a toll on teens and give them tenancies to deal aggressively in minor conflicts.ConclusionTo conclude, video games have had a reputation of negative effects such as obesity, deficiency of social skills, addiction, aggressive and violent behavior, sleep deprivation, increase in possibility of hurting others, confusion between reality and fantasy, decline in academic achievements, and weft up bad language. To enhance the positive effects of video games while reducing the negative effects, we must limit the hours we play, and also take good care in choosing the right games for the right age groups. The content of the game is the major issue.Reports of Bullying, 1999-2005(Rate per 1,000 Students)ReferencesEducation.com. (2013). Negative potential of video games education.c om. online Retrieved from http//www.education.com/reference/article/negative-potential-video-games/ Accessed 16 Dec 2013. OverBlog. (2013). The harmful effects of video

How to Assess Employee’s Needs for Training

COMENIUS UNIVERSITY IN BRATISLAVA, FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT HOW TO ASSESS EMPLOYEES NEEDS FOR TRAINING origin Asubject of my seminar sound judgment from Human resource moldment is Training demand assessment, or how to assess employees take for procreation. The reading demand assessment is a very effective way, how to identify employees ask for culture. An object of my assessment is to acquaint readers with this topic, explain them, how the cultivation needs of employees atomic number 18 identified, what the process of identification consists of and how to manage the training needs assessment.HOW TO ASSESS EMPLOYEES NEEDS FOR TRAINING Every company has goals which the company is trying to achieve. The main role plays employees who are the wizs that actively infix in achieving the goals. That is the reason why the company should pay attention to them and evaluate if the employees redeem all qualifications, skills and friendship that are the most efficient in achieving the goals. This valuation pile be provided through a very efficient method cal take training needs assessment, that discovers the training need of employees. Training needs assessment rung training needs are assessed through a process called a training needs analysis. The exact form that this takes will depend on the nature of the organization, the technology available, and the nature of the staff. However, the fundamental elements of a training needs analysis are the same. It is a three-step process * Identify the training needs * Deliver training that meets the needs * Assess the effectiveness of the training. These three steps are retell over and over during the life- speech rhythm of an organization. Continual assessment is required because the needs keep changing.Employees do non remain static they take on new roles and responsibilities. Their environment is likewise not static technology keeps changing, as do the demands of their organization. (Knowles, 2009) Identifyin g the Training postulate The best way how to identify training needs is with a three-step approach consisting of organizational analysis, analysis of employees and task analysis. 1. Organizational Analysis -Organizational analysis identifies abilities, knowledge and skills infallible for employees in the future, when their job and the company will change.The analysis collects data through looking at few aspects like lost workdays, customer complaints, grievances, absenteeism, turnover rates, guard incidents, different performance problems, etc. Afterwards these data are assessed to detect where performance could be improved through training. The organizational analysis should be also prepared for future changes and it should also plan for changes in the workplace like worker demographics, laws and regulations and future skill needs. * Workforce.Workers growing old and women or other minorities become more prominent make the workforce change. Operating cost modifications and eco nomic changes also may need workplace changes, when competing internationally. If the company understands these possible changes, then it has a good advantage, because that may help it to adapt to employees needs while the companys needs are still met. * Laws and regulations. An organization might be obligate to arrange training in specific areas because of new laws and changes in current safety and environmental regulations.Also other policies which include employees need to be communicated to them. * future(a) skills. Future skill needs can be recognised if an organization understands, how it might change in the future. For instance, will new equipment be installed or new processes utilise? Will standards or regulations be changed? Is technology going to change? Will there be interpersonal or communication skills needed from employees because they will have to work with others or in teams? Will cultural changes be taking place in the organization? 2.Analysis of employees- Analy sis of employees looks at individual employees and assesses their performance in their jobs. Their individual level of skills or knowledge can be determined through interviews, questionnaires or tests. Their performance reviews can contain useful data as well. Furthermore, problems with performance can be recognised by assessing aspects such as output, non-attendance, lateness, equipment repairs needed, accidents, complaints, client complaints and product quality. When shortages are recognised, an individual employees needs can be met through initiating training.All three stages of the training needs analysis are interconnected and knowledge has to be gathered at all stages. Based on the data collected, training needs can be recognised, and the company can form learning objectives and develop a training program so the needs can be met, both companys and employees. 3. Task Analysis- Task analysis examines requirements of knowledge and skills that are needed for each job and compares them to actual employees knowledge and skills. Any absence reveals a need for training.Analysis of job safety, standard operating methods, job description, performance standards, examination and questioning on-site, literature review and best practices are all sources for information collection. An efficient task analysis detects * tasks that need to be accomplished * terms under which tasks can be accomplished * when and how often tasks are achieved * quantity and quality of work required * skills and knowledge needed to achieve tasks * where and how these skills are best gained Figure 1- Training needs assessment process (Bajzikova, a ini, 2011)Delivering Training That Meets the Needs Training can be provided through many different ways. It can be formal, classroom like, in the organizations building, unneurotic with colleagues or it could be delivered through an external training company, also in class, but with people from other organizations. Other option is to provide the tr aining on-line. The training might be short or long-lasting. Short lasting, such as classes lasting a day or even longer, that provide quiet big amount of information, or long-lasting trainings, that are delivered in small parts, maybe an hour a day or less.The trainings can be on a one-to-one basis, or they can take place in a group with one teacher. But the one-to-one basis trainings could become more like mentoring than formal teaching. What is meaning(a) is that the teaching method and content matches the needs of the learners. Assessing the Effectiveness of Training In order to know whether the training has achieved the goals that were set for it, the organization needs to set up some sort of assessment. Happy sheet is the most basic form of assessment, especially for training I classes.The sheet is about one page long and it asks those who were trained if they enjoyed themselves during the training, whether they felt like they learned anything and what could have been better . There are also more complex and sophisticated forms how to evaluate training and these, after the training, measure the employees performance and compare it with their performance before. This cycle needs to be repeated even several times, because it is improbable that just one cycle of training needs analysis and following education will solve all problems. Models for Training Needs AssessmentsMcClellands open-systems model McClelland (1993) presents an open-systems model for managing training needs assessments. This model contains of eleven steps which help to manage the assessment. 1. Define assessment goals. 2. Determine assessment group. 3. Determine availability of qualified resources to conduct and oversee the project. 4. create senior management support for and commitment to the process. 5. Review and select assessment methods and instruments. 6. Determine critical time frames. 7. Schedule and implement. 8. Gather feedback. 9. Analyse feedback. 10. Draw conclusions. 1. p ut findings and recommendations. (Cekada, 2010) Barbazettes model Barbazette says that training needs assessment should answer 4 questions what, who, when, how and why. * What- What is the best way to do a specific job? This helps to achieve the desired results. Standard operating methods may indicate how to manage a task or which government regulations need to be considered when completing a task. Other important thing is to ask what jobs are involved in the shortage. This recognises critical tasks that have the possibility to cause a personal or property damage. Who- Who is involved in the shortage of performance? This will identify those employees that are involved and guarantee that the training is customized for them. It is also essential to consider the target audience for the training what information does the organization have about them to design and customize the training and who else may profit from the training. * When- When can be training best delivered? This helps to minimize the impact on the business. It is also crucial to determine other things that are needed to make sure that the training is provided and delivered effectively.These models help guide development of a training needs assessment. * How- How the shortage of performance can be fixed? This helps to determine whether training will resolve the issue. That reveals if a skill or knowledge shortage led to the issue. * Why- Why? This helps to connect the performance shortage to a business need and asks whether the profit of the training is greater than the cost of the current shortage. CONCLUSION The training needs assessment is used to identify an organizations and its employees training needs and determine the type and range of resources that are needed to support a training program.It helps the organization to design or choose the right type of training and afterwards it helps to assess if the goals were achieved. The training needs assessment is a very good, not complicated and effective way how to deal with educational needs within a company. And even though the cycle might have to be repeated several times, it is a helpful huma resource management tool. BIBLIOGRAPHY * Bajzikova, Lubica, et al. 2011. Manazment ludskych zdrojov. Bratislava Comenius University Bratislava, 2011. pp. 92-96. 978-80-223-2989-7. Cekada, Tracey L. 2010. www. asse. org. Online 3 2010. http//www. asse. org/professionalsafety/docs/F1Cekada_0310. pdf. * Knowles, Andrew. 2009. suite101. com. How to assess staff training needs. Online 9 7, 2009. http//suite101. com/article/how-to-assess-staff-training-needs-a146161. * Miller, Janice A. , Osinski, Diana M. and SPHR. 1996. www. ispi. org. Online 2 1996. http//www. ispi. org/pdf/suggestedReading/Miller_Osinski. pdf. * Unknown. www. opm. gov. Online http//www. opm. gov/hrd/lead/TrainingNeedsAssessment. asp.

Analysis on Personal Philosophy

As defined by Websters Dictionary, a teacher is one who instructs, directs, and disciplines other individuals. This definition is correct, however, belief encompasses much more. A teacher is an integral part of the learning process of a child. A teacher also aids the child in personal growth and life development.Teaching has always been my lifetime desire. I look forward with great anticipation to the day when I teach my own class. This go forth give me the opportunity to instill in the children a thirst for knowledge. This is also a chance for me to make the children realize their unique potential for greatness and hand their eyes to the beautiful world around them.Before getting involved in my formal education classes and field experiences in Elementary Education at Pennsylvania State University, I thought being an educator involved teaching the students basic skills, assigning homework, and testing their knowledge. I soon found forbidden that this monotonous routine does not m aximize student interest and learning. Through my valuable student teaching experience, I have come to identify with a teaching paradigm known as Inquiry learning.In this particular paradigm, knowledge is viewed as functional and pleasurable. Children learn from the questions they pose. Key skills are learned in context and focus on child interest rather than artificial and made-up. This type of education concentrates on student interest. Children are focused and on-task because they are instantly involved in their own learning. The Inquiry Paradigm also allows for numerous hands-on learning experiences. Another aspect of Inquiry learning is that the teacher is viewed as a partner along the journey instead of Supreme Being. I firmly believe that a teacher should treat her students as partners on a journey. This allows students to feel independent and responsible for their own learning.

Effects of Psychodrama Practice on University Students’ Subjective Well-Being and Hopelessness Essay

Psychodrama quarter be defined as the athletic supporterful role-playing method technique usually conducted by groups. some questions learn been raised about the do which evoke be caused by psychodrama on savants (Blatner, & Adam, 2014). This article have discussed and compiled those effects caused by psychodrama practice on university students compositionive well-being and hopelessness, morenean approaches Recognizing Psychodramas many facets, the integration of psychodrama with Bowens theory in couple therapy and enriching psychodrama through the use of cognitive behavioural therapy techniques Bibliography. article summary on the effects of psychodrama practice on university students subjective well-being and hopelessness The effects of psychodrama can be either positive or prejudicious (benefits or limitation).Psychodrama has several applications in real life today. These applications include business, training, religion, and application in business and also teachin g together with psychotherapeutic application and concentrations (Blatner, & Adam, 2014). Many people have made it a major part in their colleges as psychodrama trainers who puts efforts broadly with such persons (Farmer et al, 2007). The psychodrama tic tactic can be readily merge with several other approaches which relates to psychotherapy. tally to Blatner, & Adam, (2014), the integration of psychodrama with psychoanalysis, gestalt therapy, behavior therapies, creative arts therapies, play therapy, body therapies, family therapy, group therapy, imagination therapies and other miscellaneous psychotherapies. For example at bottom (ASGPP) American Society for the Study of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama there is a sub class of psychodrama that precisely concentrate on application of psychoanalytic.Psychodrama symbolizes a bountiful expansion and improvement of role-playing together with their applications and implementation. Although role-playing is mostly discussed, outdoor of psychodrama it has non often been considered as an intermediation but except decisiveness training, others argon known by the clinician. A psychodrama tic role-playing meeting is perfect for formulating for example a university student to have an encounter with a family or friend member, employer, or maybe the colleague worker. Psychodrama have another application of addressing a wide range of matters and problems comprising those in the currently, future, and past or those that comprise the interior encounter (Farmer et al, 2007).According to Farmer et al, (2007), it can be addressed as surplus reality, that is those issues connected to what 1 might have, would have, and should have done. This can be apply to efficiently address visions and fantasies and can be applied to address worries related to God, the church or the government in a straight sort of manner. This can improve the well-being of a student and assist him or her in grieving through a goodbye meeting with a d eparted important and esteemed one. Furthermore Psychodrama can be applied to enhance specific therapy on an individual or additional therapy setup. This can assist the move a student past a dead-end street or define if they are equipped for expulsion from treatment through tackling an expected challenging situation (Treadwell, 2005).Privacy is an issue in any observational preparation groups just as it is in psychotherapy groups. Each players is required to come to an agreement to privacy as one condition for being a fragment of this training (Blatner, & Adam, 2014). The participants are also stimulated to imply into account ongoing work and school interactions with other participants as they select what they unveil as a personal material. Furthermore, it will be addressed out that a moral condition for group work is to make the contestants aware that though a group trainer is forbidden by law from unveiling any material from group, also other group members do not have that ide ntical responsibility.Many ways can lead to physical injury to the participant in the process of enactment. For example, the presentation of fierce scenes, creating effects in example stand on chairs, or peoples who are bodily compromised to start with commotions which they cannot do. It is the teachers and healers accountability to be alert of possible hazards and to shield the participants. social force can end up in individuals feeling constrained to participate in activities of which they may not otherwise accord. Moreover, it is stressed that this subject mustiness be made clear with each participant with whom the therapist might use the method (Farmer et al, 2007).Psychodrama is the most approach developed by Moreno in his lifespan. sooner of being believed of as an only technique, his work would be greatly aided if utilized and recognized as actually separate mechanisms (Karatas, &Zeynep, 2005). Although the efficiency of these individual mechanisms might be added up by using them in performance, there are many situations in which they can be applied in their own right. Moreno came to a conclusion that body movement, active interrelations and actions on the stage, their common familiarity or distance as stated in altitudinal terms, physical, could inform more about the troubles in interpersonal affairs than speaking (Farmer et al, 2007).The action occurring on the stage, movements and spoken words, and objects, make it probable for the character to either to complete anything he or she has been unable to, or have not known how to do it, or tried not do in actuality (Treadwell, 2005). This can be referred as act completion since it is on the psychodrama stage that the person understands the emotions and thoughts that obstruct him, plus the new sequence of behavior that will assist him to express himself independently (Treadwell, 2005). Psychodrama not only sightsees ones unexpressed feelings and thoughts, but also the conditions that have never real ly occurred but could have the meets with those who are actually not there. Everything can run into in psychodrama and this undercover dimension of experience can be referred as surplus reality or an extra dimension of reality.The characters story or subject is at the center of the psychodrama tic presentation whereby the character is the client, patient and the subject of the conduct. The character is chosen out of the group and during the psychodrama tic process the groups participants are the listeners and the opening is for the enactment (Blatner, & Adam, 2014). About the greatest part, the source plays the part according to the characters comments and instructions .The organizer may direct the source but not intensively. According to Moreno, the source can be acted to the characters creative mind in two approaches known as double and soliloquy (Treadwell, 2005). there are many methods which co-therapist use to manus with those in relationships mainly couples by use of psych odrama methods and Bowens theories. The authors put together the Bowens theory of differentiated individual as single who is capable to function from a position of me as different from we in couples or relationships and use psychodrama to show this functioning (Blatner, & Adam, 2014).The appliance of psychodrama among couples is based on the four Bowens theories (Farmer et al, 2007). the first theory is the theory of triangle, In couples who are too cross of very far there comes a time where some misapprehension occurs, some couples are able to solve them in a peaceful manner while others they do not manage to do so, this cause an worked up tension which leads to violence in the family. This is where the Bowens theory of triangle gets in, the theory introduces a third party in the family, which helps to solve the problem. The three partys forms a triangle as the name suggest due to the pull of the third party. The third party can be Christian leaders, police or family friends.Accor ding to Blatner, & Adam, (2014), in families, differentiated profile according to Bowens theory occurs when a child is born with some characteristics similar to those of one parent or grandparent or the child is born during the period of the death of one of the members of the family. The child concentrates more on the family due to the pressure from those sharing the same characteristics with him or her. This makes child to put up in a sense of WE more than I. In this case, Bowen wanted to teach couples on how to be different from others, if is to take in therapy sessions on member can attend and bring a change in the family if both are not willing to attend together (Karatas, &Zeynep, 2005).The authors bring together the psychodrama and also cognitive behavioral techniques in-group settings. Those groups should have a minimum of five and maximum of ten members. The sessions should take 2 to 3 hours and total period should be 15 weeks. Those with aggressive disorders should take i ndividual therapy (Treadwell, 2005). In the application of cognitive therapy, therapist should start with dysfunctional contemplation or thought records where the groups members record things that affect them emotionally. The records are kept in each persons file.During the filling of dysfunctional forms, the members should be given the samples first to guide them on how to fill them. Those forms help the therapist to know each person problem (Treadwell, 2005). Other cognitive technique is automatic thoughts, which are habitual. The therapist helps the patient to recognize them and assist the patient how to deal with them. The cognitive behavioral technique is very effective and the patient responds to it very well (Blatner, & Adam, 2014).Conclusion From the impacts of psychodrama and its explanation we can deduce that it not only explores ones unexpressed feelings and thoughts, but also the situations that have at no time really occurred but could have the meets with those who are actually not there. Everything can happen in psychodrama and this hidden dimension of experience can be referred as surplus reality or an extra dimension of reality. Psychodrama is useful since it can be applied in business, training, religion, and application in business and also teaching together with psychotherapeutic application and concentrations. Other than benefits it can affect the participant due to its societal force which can end up in individuals feeling constrained to participate in activities of which they may not otherwise accord. summaryPsychodrama can be defined as the helpful role-playing method technique usually conducted by groups.Effects of psychodrama can be either positive or negative (benefits or limitation).Benefits include the applications in real life situations such as in business, training, religion, application in business and also teaching.Negative effects are the potential harms in terms of emotions, social culture or physical change.According to Moreno, Psychodrama is the most approach developed in his lifespanPsychodrama not only sightsees ones unexpressed feelings and thoughts, but also the conditions that have never really occurred but could have, the meets with those who are actually not there.Everything can happen in psychodrama and this hidden dimension of experience, can be referred as surplus reality or an extra dimension of reality.Bowens theories emphasizes mostly on differentiation where one refers himself as an individual.The force of the third party in a relationship helps a lot.The integration of Bowers theories and psychodrama brought a solution to those in relationships.Dysfunctional thought forms help mostly students and patients with a problem of mood regulation.During the first sessions of application cognitive technique, the students do not cooperate but later they enjoy the sessions.ReferencesBlatner, Adam (2014). Morenean Approaches Recognizing Psychodramas Many Facets. Turk Egitim DernegiFarmer, Chris Geller, Marcia (2007). The Integration of Psychodrama with Bowens Theories in Couples Therapy. Heldref Publications WinterKaratas, Zeynep. (2005). Effects of Psychodrama Practice on University Students Subjective Well-Being and HopelessnessTreadwell, Thomas W Kumar, V K Wright, Joseph H (2005). Enriching Psychodrama Through the Use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Techniques. HELDREF PUBLICATIONS SummerSource document

Why the Hawaii Light Rail Should Be Built.

Harold Ano Ho Argument Paragraph Second Draft 9/26/12 ENG22 T/Tr 130 Why the rest Rail Should Be Built. The light educate project ordain benefit Oahu in numerous ways, and should be constructed without delay. The first reason that the course should be constructed is because it pull up stakes help the economy. One example of how the rail will benefit the economy is that it will create many lasting jobs for workers due to the fact that the rail is a massive project that will last years.Additionally, once the rail is completed it will increase tax revenue, and eventually the taxes used to complete the project will be gained back through the project itself. The second reason why the Light rail should be built is that it will benefit the community. For example, traffic is acquiring worse by the year, and it will continue to do so unless we do something about it. The rail will provide an alternate means of transportation that is safe, quick, and to a greater extent efficient than our current transportation.Those who wish to ride the rail will be saving money on gas, and those who wish to drive their cars will be sufficient to do so in less traffic due to the decrease in cars on the road, so everyone wins. The third and final reason why the rail should be built is that it will help protect the environment. The pollution from cars is immense, and in that location is no way to remove the damage already done, only reduce the standard that we are damaging it by. The rail is electric powered, which is eco friendly.The much people who ride the rail, the less cars there will be on the road the less cars there are on the road, the less pollution there will be. Those who are against the Light rail claim that during the construction it will cause more traffic, kind of of decreasing it. While this is true, it is very short sighted and they are only looking at the small picture. The reality of the matter is that there are more cars on the road every passing year, and i f we dont do something now, it will eventually become so bad that the time spent in traffic will become infinitely worse.Spending a few years with slightly worse traffic is worth it if it will improve traffic matters for many decades to come. Another thing opponents say is that the rail will be disruptive to neighborhoods. They would be correct in this if the rail was at ground level, but since the rail will be elevated above the ground, the sound will be no worse than a freeway. For these reasons and more, the construction of the Light rail should be allowed to be continued, and completed.

It Doesn’t Matter Case Study Essay

This is schooling era. The evolution of human society from agricultural society to industrial society, and to todays study engine room society, shows that information technology is playing a more and more important role. People who mountain access to information the most quickly would be the winners in the mart. With the continuous development of consumer demand, and the progress of information technology application, IT has been widely existed in every corner of the modern technical society. We use computers to work, use software to improve the efficiency of information processing, use the Internet to transfer information, use E-mail and other technics to achieve efficient communication. We can say that the development of information technology promotes the development of the whole exertion.According to Carr that information technologys power and ubiquity grows, its strategic importance diminishes. I agree with this statement to some extends. Like electric power in the past t he discovery of electric brought the second industrial revolution to the world. Nowadays, people cannot call back life without electric. Electricity is everywhere and it is easily available. But it doesnt mean that electricity is no longer important. It means that the market value of electric has changed tremendously. The market of infrastructure construction of electric is saturated. People are charging for using electric which was offered by electric power companies.IT is on the same way. Nowadays, people are build their own electric plants in their companies. The trend of the market is that there leave be professional IT plant companies who can provide the techniques to every industry. Different kinds of industry are more and more relying on information technology. What people really need in the IT-era is not super computer and software, but the information. Companies invest in IT infrastructure to achieve the information, process the information and improve the efficiency eve ntually.With the development of the IT technology, there are many companies to provide professional technology service for the enterprises. Enterprises do not need to set up information technology team to develop their own software and system. They can obtain information technology entertain in the same way of calling ATT to set up homophone professional workers will come to install equipment and provide service support. Cloud computing makes IT technology go from every computer CPU to the clouds. People dont need to update their computer processing speed since that cloud computing makes information processing completed in the clouds. Peoples computer becomes the information receiving window. The software in those computers in any case becomes less important. Software in the clouds can also obtain. Data is processing and storing in the clouds, so that special large memory in the computer is no longer necessary. Computers only need to get results from the clouds to show. at that pl ace will be great advance in cloud computing in the in the near future. Software in the cloud will flip the software in the computers. The high-speed information transmission technology will have to improve as premise. For example, company can use the inventory counselling software in the cloud to manage their stock. Workers update the data online through a website where different kinds of database management strategies can be chosen.. The order information will be transferred to the suppliers online automatically.I consider Carrs arguments in the article to be hold just for infrastructure investments. Todays investment in IT industry should be focused on for example cloud instead of infrastructure. With the progress of cloud computing technology, the market demand of hardware and infrastructure will shrink.

Education Policies

Education is so strategic in any minded(p) society. For this reason, it somas a major part of any governmental sympathiess plans. The plans that any disposal wishes to implement as regards their grooming form is determined by existing policies. Factors which influence formulation of policies form the subject of this intervention. For localisely presentation, the essay is divided into three chapters namely the introduction, the chief(prenominal) body and conclusion.The introduction gives definitions of primordial harm used in the essay as thoroughly as conceptual frame work, the main body outlines and discusses major positionors which influenced procreation policies in African countries after achieving their liberty and lastly the conclusion draws a summary of the essay. 1. 1 Statement of essay purpose This essay aims at discussing the factors which influenced cultivational activity policies in African countries after their achievement of emancipation.The essay wil l outline these factors and later give a detailed discussion of each factor. 1. 2 Definitions of terms In order to brand name this discussion meaningful, it is imperative that definitions of key terms that atomic number 18 involved are done. The key terms involved in the discussion are reproduction, insurance and independence. The definitions of the terms are as given below EducationAccording to the coupled Nations Education, Scientific and Culture Organisation (19751), information is defined as organised and sustained communication designed to bring close to learning and so education in this context involves a lifelong process by which an individual is incorporated into the company and made capable of behaving in the ways expected by the society for an individual of a occurrence age, sex or status. Education can take plate orbly, non formally and informally. However, in this context the speech pattern is on formal education. PolicyA indemnity is defined as a delibera te plan of action which is found in place to guide decisions and achieve intended outcomes. Policies differ from rules or laws. Rules or laws are established to compel or prohibit certain behaviours while policies guide actions towards desired goals. This discussion, however, focuses on education policies. bartlett pear and Burton (2012134), define an education policy as the rafts of laws and initiatives that determine the shape and functioning of educational systems at both theme and local levels. Therefore, education policies give direction to the functioning of an education system.Independence This is defined as the emancipation from being governed or ruled by another country. African countries in this discussion ascertaind the easydom to rule themselves from colonial mast 1. 3 Conceptual Framework Black more than (1999), states that there are three models of policy make namely popular participation, decree and delegation models. This discussion will refer to these three mo dels in outlining and discussing the factors which influenced education policies in African countries after achieving their independence. These models are discussed in detail below. (a) Popular Participation Policy qualification model(b) In this model, all(prenominal)body is given an opportunity to contribute to the formulation of policies. People in African countries were given opportunities to make suggestions on diversitys to make to the education system. For example, Zambias educational reforms of 1977. (c) Decree Policy Making Model In this model, the head of state makes pronouncements on the direction to be followed in a given education system. (d) delegacy Policy Making Model This involves appointing a commission to review the education system of a given country. For example the Onide Commission was appointed to review the education system of Kenya in 1963.Policies are made with abide by to the findings of the commission. CHAPTER TWO 2. 0 Main Body This chapter outlines and discusses the major factors that influenced education policies in African countries after achieving independence. These factors are as given and discussed below. Education for Economic Development The holdation given to education as an important vehicle for frugal development is one of the factors which influenced education policies in African countries after achieving independence. Investment in formal education was considered as an inbred precondition for economic growth.African countries learnt lessons from developed countries that a high grassroots platform of education was a catalyst to rapid economic development. There was a belief among ontogeny countries that the modernisation, industrialisation and wealth of developed countries were the direct consequence of their educational systems. Coombs (1970) argues that during the 1960s education in maturation countries was regarded as a sort of intellectual yeast which would ferment and transform pre industrial societies b y promoting knowledge, skills and attitudes which were easy to economic and social development.Therefore, education policies in African countries after the achievement of independence were directed at promoting education pro vision amplification in order to achieve meaningful development. In fact an argument is advanced by Anderson (1965), that analysis of evidence from major developed countries such as Britain, France, United States of America and Russia that in general terms, a thresh hold male literacy rate of 40 percentage was required before there be any significant take off of economic development.To this end, African countries directed their policies on education after attaining independence towards increased plan of attack to education in order to reach the required thresh hold of literacy. Therefore, in the 1950s and 1960s, demand and plans for enthronisation in formal education by African countries increased. Education was regarded to be a principal weapon in achievi ng economic growth. To this end rapid quantitative expansion of the education system became the order of the day in impudently unconditional African countries. Man strength ShortagesAfter attaining independence, African countries were confronted with shortage of men in various sectors of the economy. As a result of this scenario, they experienced economic stagnation. Man power shortages were heavily felt in good and managerial fields. Thus, education policies in al al near African countries were directed towards resolving the man power shortages experienced. This mail was evident from what obtained in Kenya. As Eshiwani (199326), observes at independence in 1963, Kenya found her self with a high shortage of skilled men to run the economy.In order to solve this problem, a commission was appointed to advise the government on the formulation and interpretation of national educational policies. Therefore, it can be stated that man power planning in freshly independent countri es of Africa gave a direction to the formulation of education policies. Consequently, the governments of newly independent countries of Africa saw it paramount to expand the education systems of their countries in order to take on more graduates from the education system that would fill the manpower gaps which were experienced in various sectors of the economy.Most technical and managerial jobs at independence in around African countries were occupied by foreigners. Therefore, the aim of most African governments was to decolonise the education systems, produce more output from secondary and higher education so that manpower to participate in national development could be completed. Fafunwa (1974), Contends that education development in African countries like Nigeria was treated as a national emergency for the reason of curbing manpower shortages in crucial areas of the economy.In order to meet the requirements of manpower in various sectors of the economy, the policies of African countries after independence were directed at increasing school enrolments, curiously at the post prime level. Rapid expansion of secondary and higher education was considered as a pre requisite for sustainable economic growth. Enhancing education as a basic military man correct impudently independent African countries were confronted with a task of providing to every child their basic, essential right to education.The kind education that was to be set asided was supposed to be relevant to the child in his or her African get dressedting. For this reason, most newly African countries had massive capital and recurrent budgets towards the financing of direct education for all. The provision of education peculiarly at elementary level to citizens of newly independent African countries was prompted by the 1948 Universal Declaration of clement Rights in which education is enshrined as a basic gentle right. As Bishop (19891), pick ups, Everyone has the right to education.Educ ation shall be free at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and passe-partout education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be opposely social to all on the basis of merit. Therefore, from the foregoing, newly independent African countries were compelled to provide education especially primitive quill education on the grounds of human justice and equity. The newly independent African countries were supposed to consider primary education as the birth right of every child.This was due to the fact that education was seen as an effective way to give all children regardless of sex or family background an equal go about in life. Furthermore, the leadinghip of newly independent African countries considered education to be the great equaliser that would help to narrow the wide disparities which were apparent in conditions of living in rural and urban communities. Before the increase of independen ce, education in most African countries was a preserve for the elite.In order to correct this, African leading made radical changes to their education systems to make them more accommodative to everyone. As Carmody (199423), contends As in most African countries, from the early days Africas leaders viewed education as a powerful, often the most powerful vehicle for social transformation. Thus, as the UNIP government assumed power, among its immediate priorities were the elimination of racial sequestration in schools and expansion of education provision. Tuition and boarding fees were abolished. A point was also made by Bishop (1989), which in the days of the 1950s and 1960s massive expansion of education provision was regarded as the stovepipe means available for rooting out old prejudices and socio economic injustices. Therefore, education was regarded as basic human right which everyone needed to enjoy as provided in the foregoing arguments. In the pursuit of providing universa l primary education, newly African countries set for themselves benchmarks. For example, the Addis Ababa conference on the development of education in Africa held in 1961 recommended that primary education was to be universal, compulsory and free by 1980.The conference nevertheless recommended that secondary education was to be provided to 30 percent of the children who completed primary school. Similarly, the conference of Arab states which met in Tripoli in 1966 also set 1980 as the target date for achieving universal primary education. To this end, it can be argued that one of the factors that influenced the formulation of education policies of African countries after achieving independence was related to the consideration that education was a basic human right which every citizen of a given country was supposed to enjoy.Hence, massive investment in the provision of education was undertaken by African countries after attaining independence in order to promote the achievement of universal primary education. As Court and Kinyanjui (197814), comment on the provision of Universal Primary Education in Tanzania. chairperson Nyerere had the choice of expanding the number of classes at grades V to VII so that those children entering primary education stock seven years of schooling instead of four.It can be concluded from the foregoing education that the decision was arrived at because it enabled finances to be spent on the provision of 7 years of education to one child which helped him or her to become a useful member of society. African countries aimed at amend the access to education by increasing the number of school places which was facilitated by expanding already existing schools as well as construction of new schools in different parts of their countries. Promotion of ModernisationAfrican countries formulated their education policies with remark to the purpose of attaining modernisation. In order to influence modernisation in their countries, there was massive investment in education. This was a result of the belief that schooling would assist in the inculcation of modern ideas and attitudes. Bishop (1989), postulate that evidence seemed to indicate that schooling influenced the development of modern traits and ideas. To this end, schooling had some impact on modernisation. This was manifestated in higher levels of modernity among urban people and lower modernity among rural people.Consequently, many African leaders in newly independent countries felt modernisation of attitudes and behaviours was an important pre requisite for their countries development. According to Carmody (1994), education should socialize a nations population into modern values, attitudes and personalities. For this reason there was more emphasis on the expansion of education systems in newly independent African countries in order to enhance the access levels. Increased access to education meant increased modernity levels within a given country.In studies whi ch were conducted be Inkeles and metalworker (1974), indicate that education was the single most variable for modernisation. The studies indicate that each year of schooling meliorate a persons score on their modernity scale by about 2 points. Education was also very effective in the development of absolute attitudes and values. For this reason, formulation of education policies in newly independent African countries was influenced by the idea of modernisation. Modernisation was to be attained by every citizen in the newly independent African countries through education.Ensuring Citizens political Participation The citizens participation in political affairs of their countries could be seen as one of the major factors which influenced education policies in African countries after achieving independence. Political participation of citizens of a particular country was linked to the notion of modernisation. This was due to the fact that knowledge was regarded as power. For this reaso n, many political leaders of African drafted educational policies which were responsive to the promotion of political participation of citizens in nation matters.This was highly evident in the content of education which was offered to the citizens . Again this could only be realize through the wide spread of education in African countries which most leaders promoted through the expansion of the education system. Cowan (1965), stressed that any political principle which governed education policy in independent African countries was supposed to regard as a top priority the provision of an education that would establish the most vigorous form of self government and independence.Therefore, extending schooling to a larger population would make more people politically and socially conscious and more active in the process of nation building. Thus, if equal political rights were to be enjoyed by everyone then everyone ought to have at least an adequate primary school education to participa te more fully in the political process of their country. Promotion of Social compare and Removal of Divisions The science of social equating is among the major factors which influenced education policies in African countries after achieving independence.Education was regarded as an instrument of social equality which was critical in the upbringing of social responsibility. Therefore, education policies which were put in place by African countries after attainment of independence were directed towards the promotion of social equality within their countries. Consequently, more and more school places were created in most parts of African countries to bring about the issue of equality within their countries in the provision of education services.Equality in the provision of education was called for as it ensured that child was provided with varied and challenging opportunities for collective activities and corporate social services. Furthermore, Eshiwani (1993), points out that the promotion of social equality in the formulation of education policies in African countries after achieving independence helped young people to acquire positive attitudes of mutual deference which enabled them to live together in harmony and to make a positive contribution to the national life.This contribution to national life was not supposed to be extended to every part of the country, hence the need of social equality in the provision of education. Respect and Development of ethnic Heritage The formulation of education policies in African countries after achieving independence was influenced by the need for promoting respect and development of cultural heritage. Education policies were directed towards the promotion of respect, fostering and developing the rich cultures which African countries have.For this reason, policy formulation as regards this situation was clearly addressed in the content of education which African countries were to provide to their people. The content o f education was adapted to the culture of the people in any particular African country. In support of this assertion, Eshiwani (1993), states that the commission which was assigned to review Kenyas education system in 1963 recommended that Kenyan schools were to respect the cultural traditions of the people of the country, both as expressed in social institutions and relationships.Similarly, Damachi et al (1978), reports that education policies in African countries after attainment of independence were influenced by the need to enhance every aspect of human development which included the promotion of cultural heritage. Consequently, African countries were to state clearly their language of instruction in their education system both at lower and higher levels. This was done with the sole aim of promoting the saving of cultural heritage and national unity.To this end the education policies which most African countries drafted after the attainment of independence were geared towards l earners understanding of past and present cultural values and their valid place in contemporaneous society. Education for Self Reliance The education policies of African countries were influenced by the need for the curriculum offered to respond to the attainment of self reliance. Thus the recipients of such education were supposed to engage themselves in self employing activities.The curriculum of African countries emphasized practical subjects in order to ensure the acquisition of self reliance by learners. It was realised that the kind of education which was offered in some countries in Africa was too bookish and academic. The education system in most African countries separated manual work from learning. Thus theory was separated from practice. This situation further alienated young people from their societies. Therefore, education reforms in most African countries were inevitable so as reverse this trend.As Bishop (1989116), reports By the mid 1950s it was being argued once ag ain that schooling should be ameliorate principally through curriculum reform to include more practical and vocational studies Similarly, Carmody (1994), reports that Zambias rootage National Development Plan pointed to the need for increasingly relating secondary education to the needs of the country by diversifying the secondary school syllabus into technical and commercial fields and giving a new place to agriculture. Therefore, it can be pointed out that education policies in African countries were supposed to address the concept of self reliance.Academic schooling was to be placed side by side with technical and vocational training in African countries. Improvement of Education Efficiency The education policies of most African countries after achieving independence were influenced by the need of improving the efficiency of the education systems. In education systems of African countries, it was felt that there was no correlation between inputs and out puts as well as between costs and returns. Education policies were centred on the need of making the systems of education to be more efficient.That is, the education systems were supposed to achieve their output at the lowest cost and also get the greatest return for a given cost. According to Bishop (1989), most education systems in African countries after achieving independence were inefficient, particularly at secondary and higher levels. The inputs such as expenditure per student or teacher training did not seem to have the effects on test scores which educators anticipated. Therefore, education policies were designed in a manner that would make the education systems in newly independent African countries to be more efficient.Additionally, education in many African countries was dysfunctional. It relied heavily on rote learning and led to an inappropriate reverence for paper qualifications. Furthermore, most curricular in African countries were irrelevant to pupils future lives and created an imbalanc e with many school leavers unemployed. Consequently, African countries formulated policies which were aimed at addressing the challenges which were faced in education systems. Education as a means of fostering international consciousness Education policies in African countries were influenced by the need to foster international consciousness in learners.Education policies as complimented by the content of education provided to learners was supposed to ensure that positive attitudes towards other countries as well as the international community were upheld. This was emphasized because no country existed as an island. Each country depended on others for its prosperity. Therefore, it was essential that learners were provided with education that would instil international consciousness for the purpose of promoting cooperation among countries.CHAPTER THREE. 3.0 CONCLUSIONEducation policies in African countries after their achievement of independence were influenced by a number of factor s. Some of the major factors which influenced education policies in African countries included manpower shortages, recognition of education as a basic human right, consideration of education as a tool for development, modernisation, improving education efficiency, need for citizens political participation, and promotion of international consciousness among learners as well as self reliance.Changes in education policies were inevitable due to the fact that African countries experienced change in government. A change in government is associated with an ideological shift, thus aspects of the education system in a given country will be in a continual state of reformation. Hence, changes occurred in education aspects such as content, teaching methodologies, assessment and structure.

Qnt 561 Week 1 Problem 81

a) The Ludlow Wildcats baseball police squad, a churl league team in the Cleveland Indians organization, plays 70 percent of their plots at darkness and 30 percent during the day. The team coaxs 50 percent of their night games and 90 percent of their day games. According to todays newspaper, they won yesterday. What is the chance the game was played at night? % of games played at night = 70% % of games played during day = 30% % of night games won =50% % of day games won= 90% opportunity of taking = Probability of win at night + Probability of kind during day = % of games played at night x % of night games won + % of games played during day x % of day games won = 70% x 50% + 30% x 90% = 0. 35 + 0. 27 = 0. 62 Probability that the game was played during night give that the game was won = Probability of win at night / Probability of winning = 0. 35 / 0. 62 = 35/62 Answer Probability = 35/62 This can be understood in a different wayLet the number of games played be cytosine Ou t of these 100 games, 70 games were played at night and 30 during day Out of 70 games played at night no of games won = 50% x 70 = 35 games and the number of games lost = 50% x 70 =35 Out of 30 games played during day, no of games won = 90% x 30 = 27 games and the number of games lost = 10% x 30 = 3 Thus pith games won = 35 + 27 = 62 (Total games lost = 35 + 3 =38, but this is non postulate for calculation) Thus out of 62 games won , 35 were won at nightThus probability that the game was played at night, given that the game was won = 35/62 b) With each grease one(a)s palms of a large pizza at Tonys Pizza, the customer receives a coupon that can be scratched to settle if a dough lead be awarded. The odds of winning a muster out soft wassail be 1 in 10, and the odds of winning a step down large pizza be 1 in 50. You plan to eat lunch tomorrow at Tonys. What is the probability 1. That you will win either a large pizza or a soft drink 2. That you will not win a prize? 3.Tha t you will not win a prize on threesome consecutive visits to Tonys 4. That you will win at least one prize on one of your bordering three visits to Tonys We have to convert odds into probability Probability = odds / (1+ odds) Odds of winning a free soft drink are 1 in 10 in that locationfore, probability of winning a free soft drink = (1/10) / (1 + 1/10) = 1/11 Odds of winning a free large pizza are 1 in 50 Therefore, probability of winning a free large pizza = (1/50) / (1 + 1/50) = 1/51 What is the probability 1.That you will win either a large pizza or a soft drink The events winning a pizza and winning a soft drink are mutually exclusive (since you can either win a pizza or you can win a soft drink but not both(prenominal) at the same time as you have only one coupon ) Probability of winning either a large pizza or a soft drink = Probability of winning a large pizza + Probability of winning a soft drink = 1/51 + 1/11 = 62 /561 = 0. 11 or 11% 2. That you will not win a prize? Probability of not winning a prize = 1- Probability of winning a prize = 1- 62/561 = 499/561 = 0. 9 or 89% 3. That you will not win a prize on three consecutive visits to Tonys Since the events of winning / not winning on consecutive visits are independent events we will multiply the probabilities Probability of not winning a prize on three consecutive visits = Probability of not winning on first visit x Probability of not winning on second visit x Probability of not winning on third visit = (499 /561) x (499 / 561) x (499 / 561) = (499/561) 3 = 0. 70 or 70% 4. That you will win at least one prize on one of your next three visits to TonysProbability of winning at least formerly = 1- probability of not winning even once = 1- (499/561) 3 = 0. 30 or 30% c) There are four people being considered for the position of chief executive officer of Dalton Enterprises. Three of the applicants are everywhere 60 years of age. Two are female, of which only one is oer 60. 1) What is the probabil ity that a candidate is over 60 and female 2. Given that the candidate is male, what is the probability he is little than 60 3) Given that the person is over 60, what is the probability the person is femaleOut of 4 applicants Male = 2 (both over 60) Female = 2 (1 over 60, 1 less than 60) 1) What is the probability that a candidate is over 60 and female Out of 4 candidates only 1 is both female and over 60 Therefore probability = ? = 0. 25 or 25% 2. Given that the candidate is male, what is the probability he is less than 60 Both male candidates are over 60 therefore probability = 0 3 Given that the person is over 60, what is the probability the person is female There are 3 persons over 60 out of which 1 is female Therefore, probability = 1/3

How Attitudes to Marriage Have Changed Essay

In the away people married at a much younger age on average than they do today. Marrying in your late teens or early twenties was normal. Most people got married as this is what was judge of you, and people rarely considered not doing so.many fewer decide to marry these days. Many make the cognizant decisions not to as they prefer to remain more independent. This can be the case for both genders. many would argue that people wait to meet the right someone now, whereas before they would marry the first person who came along.Living Together while not MarriedIn the past it was not socially delicious for unmarried couples to live together. It was seen as wrong and was therefore extremely rare. It is possible that this contributed to early marriage.Unmarried couples life story together has almost become the norm now. Many decide to see how they get along biography together before they decide to marry. It is also common for couples to live together, and possibly have children, with let out ever getting married. They live the same way as a married couple without ever making it official.ChildrenIt use to be rare for people not to have children. Most people would conform to a rattling specific lifestyle, marrying young and having children soon after. Hardly anyone had children before marriage, and it was even rarer for people to do this by choice. like a shot it is not uncommon at all for people to have children without existence married and this is not seen as a big issue by most. Sometimes parents live together as a family with their children without being married, while others are single parents. Not e reallyone decides to have children either. It is no protracted seen as something you must do so it has become more of a choice.The Role of WomenA hundred years ago, the role of women was very specific. They were expected to marry, have children, and not work. Their role was to look after the home and their children while men went out to work.Womens role in family life, and life in general, now depends on the individual person and her circumstances. Many still crave the traditional lifestyle of marriage and children, but many make other choices. at that place are many more career women some are working parents while others dont have children at all. The role of men is also less rigid, and it is much more common than it employ to be for Mothers to go to work while Fathers stay at home.DivorceDivorce was once illegitimate so wasnt an option at all. Even once it did become legal it was rarely considered and was deemed a sin by many.Now it is much more common for a variety of reasons. Attitudes have entirely changed and divorce is seen as perfectly acceptable for those in an unhappy marriage and there is no longer the same stigma attached to it. Although some think of the increase in divorce as a negative, it could be argued that it is better than remaining unhappy. It is also practically easier with family law having changed to make i t easier for those seeking a divorce.

Eating Insects Essay

Introduction Insects take over been here long in front human civilization, foraging the world and utilizing its nutrients. In a sense then, any human being ever has been forced to interact with insects, so then why has this ho consumptionhold specific not been use as a regimen source for humans? Well, thats not alone true. Entomophagy, according to Websters Dictionary, is the entrust of take insects. Using insects as a nourishment source isnt as uncommon as one may think, the practice of Enotmophagy has been performed for centuries, dating back to Indian tribes and Australian aborginals.Insects greatly come out of the closetnumber humans and be found in nearly every possible position in the world, so their presence in and around human food isnt unbelievable. While this practice is becoming more popular around the world, consumers in the U. S. are still skeptical of the idea Whether its eating them a la mode, or eating them without knowing, insects are increasingly prevale nt in food consumed by humans. Main Body Insect consumption seems a little farfetched, yet there are several reasons that this idea may not be crazy.Meat is considered to be one of the best sources of protein in diets, however, certain insects provide amounts of protein comparable to that of meat thus making insect consumption a oft cheaper alternative to meat in developing countries. Take, for example, 100 grams of dried caterpillar, providing l- three grams of protein, seventeen percent carbohydrates, and a whopping fifteen percent change. In fact, they are believed to have a higher proportional fat and protein survey than that of beef and fish.Also, most edible insects are proven to be much cleaner than fish. For example, harmonize to Pulitzer prize winner, Dr. E. O. Wilson of Harvard University, there are an estimated ten quintillion (10,000,000,000,000,000,000) insects in the world, or about one hundred and fifty million insects per one human being. Insects are in no way, s hape, or form, a product of scarceness insects are found nearly everywhere, thus proving to be another reason for insects to be utilise for food consumption.Due to the fact that insects provide incredible amounts of nutritional value and an incredible population, they are proving to be path of income for people in developing countries. Specifically, Sudan and Nigeria trade and utilize insects as a source of income, exporting three to five tons annually to countries such as Belgium and France. This means of earning income for Sudans and Nigerians produces $41,500 annually.Insects being utilized for their nutritional value and high concentration, proves to show how incredibly useful insects are to humans, surprisingly as a food source. many a(prenominal) countries all over the world are taking advantage of insects as a food source. In Africa, several groups use Orthoptera as a means of food. They gather locusts early in the day, before they are active they then boil them before gr oup members clean and salt them.Noting goes to waste, they even use the legs by grinding them up and mixing them with peanut butter and salt. Also, performed in areas of Africa and Australia, termites are being utilized for their high protein and fat value. The big queen castes of termites, reaching three inches in lenghth, is most sought out due to its incredibly high nutritional value. They are often lightly fried and sold in markets to be eaten by hand, thought to be a snack food. However, termites can also be used as a colorless oil used when frying food.

Thematic Unit Guidelines

Have an attractive and informative gentle Page and T sufficient of Contents. Expectations for these and all in all other unit comp nonpareilnts are pull ind below down the stairs thematic Unit Components. Also, be sure to review the Thematic Unit judgement glossiness. Do not use 3-ring binders or plastic sleeves please. Integrate no more than than three subject areas for which on that point are relevant guinea pig standards one of these subject areas must involve mathematics or hearty studies education. Integrating both subject areas is preferable but not mandatory.T from some(prenominal)ly one and assess a clearly defined theme or topic that leave alone enable elementary learners to meet their local naturalize district curriculum standards or the conscientious objector Model Content Standards. Planning for Student Learning look into your school districts curriculum standards or Colorado Model Content Standards and think ab break what you want your students to lea rn, slam and be able to do as a result of this unit. Begin gathering student and t to each oneer resources and start thinking slightly how you forget teach and assess students breeding relative to the content standards you select. submit yourself What do I need to learn myself in order to teach this unit well? What kinds of resources get outing I need to teach this unit? What types and genres of childrens literature are available? Are in that respect artifacts, simulations, songs, photographs, etc. I could use? What human and material resources are available in my community? Thematic Unit Components Title Page and Table of Contents The Title Page should feature the title of your unit, ordain level(s), the semester you taught the unit, and your program Elementary PTEP or Post Baccalaureate Licensure Program.Also include your parent, your cooperating teachers name, and the name of the elementary school and school district in which you are student teaching. The Table of Con tents should, at minimum, list each of the unit components described here under Thematic Unit Components. Assessment criteria for Developing, Proficient, and pass on levels of performance for all unit components may be found on the Thematic Unit Assessment Rubric. rule Statement Every Thematic Unit needs a convincing rationale. Rationale statements should be organized and presented in FOUR sections. office 1 Introduction Students and teachers need to know what will be learned as a result of participating in this unit. In this section, explain why your unit topic is an important one for young learners. Describe how students cogency use this knowledge in the real world. Section 2 Community, School, and Classroom Setting Describe the community, school, and classroom where you are student teaching. Include information about the community, school, classroom setting, and characteristics of students that are important to consider when teaching this unit. For example, how m either an thropoid / female students are in the class?How would you characterize students socioeconomic status? Will you be teaching students with special needs or students whose primary language is not English? Do you have any particular concerns about classroom management? Describe the physical setup of your classroom (a diagram might be helpful). What kinds of technologies are available and will you use of any of them to teach and assess student learning? Knowing and acting on this background information will help you develop, modify, and differentiate instruction and sagacity that accommodates the full range of diversity in your students.The goal here is to individualize the teaching and learning branch by designing lessons that challenge all students at an earmark level of difficulty. Section 3 face-off the Colorado Model Content Standards Curriculum standards describe what students should learn, know, and be able to do as a result of participating in your unit. In this section, li st all of the school district or Colorado Model Content Standards your unit addresses. Under each content standard write lesson objectives that describe how or what students will do to meet that particular standard.Remember that if you list a content standard wherefore you are obligated to teach and assess students learning on that standard. Also, affect sure that you are able to explain how particular lesson objectives enabled students to meet particular standards. You will need to address content standards three while in you unit. First, by listing them here in your rationale statement along with corresponding lesson objectives for each standard, a second time in each lesson plan or learning cycle, and a terzetto time when writing your evaluative experiment (which is described below). Here is a suggestion.Develop your lesson plans first, along with appropriate content standards and lesson objectives next, write (cut and paste) the content standards and lesson objectives from lesson plans into your rationale statement. Finally, after you teach the unit, explain how students met the standards in your evaluative essay. Section 4 Assessing Student Learning Describe how you will assess student learning relative to each content standard using pre legal opinion, formative assessment, and summative assessment. A. For preassessment, describe the techniques you will use to find out what students already know or think they know about the unit topic.You will need to magnetic disc and interpret preassessment scores for each individual student (using a pretest) as well as for the social unit class (for example, using a KWL chart). Preassessment results are used to provide evidence of student learning gains at the end of the unit by comparing them with summative assessment results (using a posttest). Preassessment data can also be used to revise the unit before teaching it, for example, by changing some of the content or instructional strategies you use, to make more informed decisions about individualizing instruction, and to alter or modify how you will assess student learning.B. For formative assessment, describe the techniques you will use to facilitate students acquisition of knowledge and skills by providing constructive feedback that, at the same time, allows the teacher to keep track of students approach on a periodic basis. This is the time when teachers are constantly on their feet monitoring the learning process, helping students learn new skills and knowledge, and make sure that they are practicing perfectly in order to take to new skills and knowledge effectively to real-world situations and make presentations to real audiences.C. For summative assessment, describe the techniques you will use to evaluate what students learned, in combination with preassessment and formative assessment results. All three forms of assessment should be designed to measure the knowledge, skills, and dispositions you claimed students would learn according to the standards. Remember that ten-fold assessments provide a much more complete and fair representation of what a student in reality knows and is able to do compared to any single or one-shot assessment.Be sure the three forms of assessments are aline with the content standards and lesson objectives in other words, be sure that you teach students to the standards and assess their learning in legal injury of the standards. Unit Goal The unit goal should be derived from state and district curriculum standards however, you should also be beaten(prenominal) with curriculum standards established by national professional organizations, for example, IRA (International Reading Association), NCTM (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics), NCSS (National Council for the Social Studies).The unit goal reflects the units curriculum standards but should be stated in your own words. For example, the unit goal for a unit on Colorado History might state Students will understan d how our state has handsome and changed over time. From the period of early exploration to the present day, I want my fourth graders to become familiar with specific contributions made to the development of Colorado by its rich diversity of people and natural resources. Lesson Plans routine the Learning Cycle format for writing lesson plans and develop enough instruction for one full workweek of integrated teaching and learning plan on teaching the unit for approximately five hours. For each lesson specify how you will determine what students already know about your lessons topic (preassessment), how you will monitor students progress in meeting content standards during the lesson (formative assessment), and how you will evaluate students work at the end of the lesson (summative assessment).Good assessment tells the teacher as much about the effectiveness of her or his own instruction as it does about what students learned and how they learned it. Keep this point in mind when w riting your evaluative and reflective essays (described below). feasible Extension Activities How can I help children extend, enrich, and elaborate upon the major understandings in this unit? What could students do to apply or transfer their learning to real-world problems and situations in slipway that will make new knowledge more meaningful for them?List and briefly describe at least three possible extension activities you do not need to design lesson plans for each extension. A simple one-paragraph description of each extension will suffice. Resources Used Include all of the resources you used to teach this unit. You may organize your resources by indicating who they are some appropriate and/or by their type for example, Teacher Resources might be listed separately from Student Resources. lucre Resources (such as websites) might be listed separately from Childrens Literature, and videotapes, simulations, artifacts, museums, social agencies and guest speakers might also be listed under separate categories. Evaluative Essay In the first of these two final essays, use all of the assessment data you collected from students to present a clear picture of their learning. Use tables to display and ingeminate quantitative data and always include examples of several students work on various projects and assignments at several different levels of performance.Use narrative to explain quantitative results and what students learned. Present and explain your assessment results in ways that the reader can use to evaluate the extent to which your students met content standards. Hence, this essay should be written as a technical report consisting of both qualitative and quantitative evidence and analyses of student learning. The evaluative essay should present evidence of learning for each student in the class on each one of the units curriculum standards. Summaries of whole-class learning (i. e. , what students learned as a class) should also be included.Reflective Essay whizz major reason for planning, implementing, and evaluating this unit is to give you practice teaching and assessing student learning over time in a real elementary-school classroom. This work sample is a very authentic task for teachers. As you plan, teach, and assess students learning, you will be meeting many of the Performance Based Standards for Colorado Teachers. In this essay, describe and explain how planning, teaching, and assessing this unit enabled you to meet the Performance-Based Standards for Colorado Teachers that are listed on the Thematic Unit Assessment Rubric which follows.