Use of Psychology in Fashion Essay - 732 Words

Robert E Reyes The Use of Psychology in Fashion Design Psychology plays a major role in every professional creative field. The art of fashion design is not an exception. Fashion uses psychology in many different ways, from getting customers to purchase clothing, to self-expression in the clothing, to analyzing psychographics in a population to identify a potential target market. First impressions are made largely on how a person’s attire looks, through use of color, fit, and design. Emotions and moods can be evoked through fit and color on a person’s body. All these effects on the human brain and psyche are taken into great consideration when designing garments. Psychographics are used to classify people into like-minded groups.†¦show more content†¦These moods and emotions affect the brain and behavior of the onlooker, causing them to either want or reject the item. Just like personal tastes in art, the consumer uses art as a form of expression and personal taste, hinting to others elements of their personality. As stated before, psychology is a form of self-expression, and a form of visual communication. The way one dresses may put one in a fashion subcategory. These subcategories are thought of as a whole and are subject to judgment and discrimination of sorts. For example, a person with many tattoos and a vintage style of clothing may be viewed as a â€Å"hipster†, and hence the viewer may assume many things of the individual. The fit of garments say many things about oneself. Made-to-fit clothing on men in the business world is more respectable than non-tailored clothes. With women, skirt suits create the balance between attractiveness and masculinity in order to appear respectable, much more than the overly aggressive pant suit. One may see the effect of clothing when one researches on how to dress for an interview in order to make an impression upon the hiring manager. Clothes are the way people express themselves in Western culture wit hout the use of words. One can tell many things about a person based upon the way they are dressed. While many things may be erroneous when judging someone by the way theyShow MoreRelatedThe Need For Total Elimination Is Unjustified1122 Words   |  5 PagesPaul Churchland argues for the total elimination as opposed to smooth reduction of folk psychology with materialistic sciences to replace it in â€Å"Eliminative Materialism and The Propositional Attitudes,† on grounds that folk psychology is a theory that is primarily flawed due to a severe lack of explanatory power. Additionally has a bad historical trend of retreat and lack of progress, and does not fit well with prominent physical sciences. I will explain his argument in this paper, evaluate it forRead MoreEthics in Psychology: A Reflection975 Words   |  4 PagesEthics in psychology: Reflection Introduction The study of psychology frequently deals with intimate, personal issues of clients and research subjects, which is why strict guidelines exist regarding the ethical use of private data. Early on in a psychology students career, he or she is urged to abide by specific guidelines governing his or her behavior to ensure that he or she acts in an ethical manner. A student that has a lax attitude about cutting and pasting words from the web will later haveRead MoreEffect of Brand Image on Consumer Purchasing Behaviour on Clothing:1579 Words   |  7 PagesMason: Thomson. Blumer, H. (1956). Sociological analysis and the variable . American Sociological Review, 21 633-660. Breakwell, G. M. (2006). Interviewing methods. In G. M. Breakwell, S. Hammond, C. Fife-Schaw, J. A. Smith Research methods in psychology (pp. 232-253). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Business Week. (2005). Reebox and Adidas: A good fit. Retrieved July 8, 2007 from http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/aug2005/nf2005084_8340.htm Business Week. (2007). The 100 top brandsRead MoreReality Vs. Fantasy : Today s Modern World1459 Words   |  6 PagesFantasy In today’s modern world, our mindsets in fashion are all based on fantasy: new brands, trends and many more. We all live in a society whereby we tend to buy things that are attractive and very unique within our culture. Even though we don’t have enough money for such expensive items such as clothes and many other materialistic things, borrowing or lending money from others would still be worthwhile due to the desirability of the product. In fashion, a question came to mind, what type of peopleRead MoreColor symmetry Essay884 Words   |  4 Pagesof colors in marketing? I am taking the principle of marketing class now, as we strive to make improvements to our product Earthgrains, studying this phenomenon is key. Let us dig into some of the latest, more interesting research on it. How can we use colors to increase brand recognition and drive purchasing? Before we figure out this, we should know which color triggers which feeling of us. Color is a form of non-verbal communication and is very important in our daily life. However not everyone’sRead MoreFashion Reflection Paper906 Words   |  4 PagesI have always had a strong interest in fashion, but this course made me feel more knowledgeable and prepared to work in the fashion industry. This class has made me feel more confident in choosing to work in the fashion industry as a career path. I learned so many things that can be applied in my future career and for that I am very thankful. I am also more aware of how much the fast fashion industry contributes to pollution and I want to make an effort to be more sustainable. This class gaveRead MoreBeyond the No.5: The life of the legend Coco Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pagesdidn’t simply make her fantasies come alive. This woman single handedly r evolutionized and transmuted the fashion industry. Epitomizing her own words, â€Å"In order to be irreplaceable one must be different†, Chanel eradicated her opponents with her bold and unique ideas. From modest beginnings to affluent ends, it’s undeniable that fashion icon Coco Chanel has fabricated the very principles of our Fashion Industry today and created an everlasting legacy for eras to come. In the quaint countryside of SaumurRead MoreWhy Psychology Is Important1045 Words   |  5 PagesWhy Psychology is Important Psychology is the study of the human mind and any of its functions. It also includes the behavior resulting from any changes in our environment. Psychology is very important to mankind in that it is important in understanding the world we live in. Psychology helps us and allows us to better understand the emotional and behavioral effects of our surroundings. According to Taylor (1988), many prominent researchers believe a healthy mental outlook on the world and whatRead MorePsychological Analysis On Human Behavior913 Words   |  4 Pagespredict group trends, even when such does not apply to individual cases. A final obstacle that sometimes impedes the correct interpretation of scientific psychological predictions of human behavior is the probability of chance. The role of chance in psychology is often misunderstood. A degree of chance and coincidence play a role in the accuracy of predictions, and for this reason, individual predictions about human behavior are therefore impossible. Therefore it should be strongly affirmed that, â€Å"[c]linicalRead MoreJean Piaget: Theory of Cognitive Development Essay1652 Words   |  7 Pagesof psychology. Jean Piaget was one who made a contribution with his theories on the cognitive development stages. Cognitive development is the process of acquiring intelligence and increasingly advanced thought and problem-solving ability from infancy to adulthood. Piaget states that the mind of a child develops through set stages to adulthood (Famous Biographies TV Shows - Biography.com). The theory of cognitive development has made a significant impact throu ghout the history of psychology, and

Does Daycare Breed Bullies Essay - 1385 Words

Child care has been a priority choice of many parents recent years. Mothers would rather go out for work and sent their child to daycare center than stay at home look after their child base on financial problems, psychological stress or any other reason. Early Child Care study is an important study to understand a child growing process. Many countries spend much effort in the study to ensure their future generation grow up in healthy and happiness. Early Child Care study can be started with childrens habit, emotional, intellectual, language development and also the family environment. The Early Child Care study conducted by NICHD show the link between daycare and bullies. It really scared those parents who have no choice to send their†¦show more content†¦If this kind of unbalanced thought did not discover or had been negleted by others, child might suffer from phychological problem. Moreover, family environment will also influence children behaviour stealthly. Parents play an important role in childrens growth process. Parents are model of children. Parents with good manner and habits may influence the children. Children may follow what their parents behave and develop it. For example, parents use to wash hand before eat, children will follow what they do. In contrast, parents used to talk in a impolite way, their children will also follow their impolite way to talk. If I were the one who designed a follow-up study about the Early Child Care study, I would like to find out how the amount of time children spend watching television programme and video games affected a child aggressive behaviour. I think it is important to find out how the television programme and video affect the children behaviour and also what kind of television programme and video games would affect the children. Moreover, I think it is needed to find out the unusual relationship between the time children spend in daycare and aggressiveness. Research has found that children who averaged over 45 hours per week in daycare during the first 54 months scored about 3 points higher than the mean on a measure of behavioral problems. That means children who attend daycare are more likely to have

I Couldnt Read free essay sample

I couldn’t read or write in the seventh grade. Sharp, jagged lines shaped into words that looked foreign to me. I sat at my desk staring at the blank piece of paper, hearing the teacher spit out unfamiliar words. As she paced back and forth through the rows of desks I saw light bulbs turning on and off above my classmates’ heads, but mine remained unlit. I was embarrassed. I could feel the heat rising to my face as she looked down at blank paper, glaring at me with unforgiving shiny black eyes. After class she scolded me. I was the youngest in my class at a mere eleven years old, my peers were between seventeen and twenty-eight, and I was the only American in the whole school. I felt alone and scared living in a dorm room with a twenty year old girl from South Korea who couldn’t speak English. We will write a custom essay sample on I Couldnt Read or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I had to adapt to my new life. I sat down at my desk looking at the thick workbooks we were given to do for homework every night. Although I could fluently speak Mandarin, I could not read or write in the language, even if my life depended on it. I felt like I was in preschool again, connecting the dots to make a letter, or in this case, a single character. I practiced drawing character strokes and saying the word out loud. The teacher’s words stung like rubbing alcohol being pressed into a cut, â€Å"You cannot read or write in Mandarin? You’re a disgrace to your culture!† rung in my ears. When growing up with a Chinese mother and a Caucasian father, I was always torn between two cultures. Although, being able to learn how to speak fluently in Mandarin wasn’t my first choice, I’ll never regret it because the seventh grade when I couldn’t read or write was actually the best year of my life. I closed my eyes and see the characters drift from my imagination and slowly flow down my arm, into my hand and finally tickle the tips of my finger tips. My eyes still closed, I began to start with the first stroke, then the second†¦ after finishing a character I would let the word roll off of my tongue, bringing the character to life. I continued to close my eyes and practice writing fifteen characters a day. I would study for hours. I was so determined to show my teacher how wrong she was. I was confident in myself. My teacher stood from her desk and began to spew out words I memorized for hours. I closed my eyes and saw the image of the character illuminate against the black background. My hand began to work seamlessly as I lightly pressed my fountain pen onto the thin loose leaf paper. Before I knew it, all twenty words were written down, as I handed her my test, she smiled. At the end of class she pulled me to the side before I went up to my dorm, on the paper was written in red ink, â€Å"100%†. In the three weeks that I had learned how to read and write in Mandarin, I realized my strengths and my weaknesses. I’ll never regret the year I couldn’t read or write in the seventh grade.

Dirty Dancing Investments Pty Ltd †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Dirty Dancing Investments Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction Construction law is a blend of different law, one of them being the contract law. The doctrine of contract law helps construction participants in managing their promises and obligations. Even though contract law urges people to make written agreements, it also guarantees that it wont look away when one party to an agreement calls for its intervention. The main concern comes to the construction projects. Parties can draft a contract while at their office, but the nature of work demand changes at the site. With this reason, the written contract is amended to cater for the site demands. This paper will be an examination of the application of construction law using a case between of Agro builder and Ego Architect. The main issue with this question is a concern of the required elements for the formation of a valid contract. Among other elements, a valid agreement must have an offer and acceptance, consideration, and intention to create a legal relation. A valid offer must come from the offeror, communicated to the offeree, and it should manifest a deliberate intention to give an offer. On the other hand, acceptance should come from the offeree, and it should also demonstrate the willingness of the offeree to accept the offer.[1] Equally important, the law states that an offer should have no considerations.[2] After consideration, the law requires that the parties should show their intention to be legally bound by the agreement. A brief illustration of intention to create legally bound suggests that courts presume that parties in a commercial contest always have an intention to be legally bound. From what is noticeable the parties had a written agreement, and some of the terms of the agreement were that Ego Architects would prepare the drawing, and Agro builders were to pay for the drawings in 3-stages. After the offeree has accepted the offer, the law recognizes that both parties have formed their contract and they can start executing their obligations. As mentioned, the parties had written terms and obligations. Besides those terms, its a good point to know that there are both implied and express terms in a contract. So apart from the conditions expressed in the contract, Ego also had implied terms to create the drawings that conform to the Agro's instructions. So even if the contract was silent on such a term, an implied term applies despite that the parties did not mention those terms during the formation of a contract or not.[3] So in this case, there was an implied duty that Ego architect was supposed to produce drawings that matched the project. Consequently, the law of contracts allows the innocent party to suspend its obligations if the other party also fails to act according to the terms agreed. So in case one party breaches and the other one chooses to suspend its obligations, and the suspension of the obligation dismisses the entire contract.[4] This means that the written contract was suspended the moment Ego breached the contract, and Agro choose not to pay Ego. Another point to note here is that Agro had the right to reject the drawings immediately after approval, as far as no work that had commenced which would have suffered a future disapproval. Markedly, its well clear that Courts will not generally make the contract for the parties. It is for the parties to make their contract and they must express their agreement in a form that is sufficiently certain for the courts to be able to enforce it.[5] So parties to a breached contract can choose at their will to get into another agreement, or opt to amend the already suspended contract. This is exactly what happened with Agro and Ego. If parties go back and decide to vary their contract, the new contract becomes as enforceable as the old one. To point out, this means that none of the parties can go back to the old terms since they no longer exist. So when Agro Builders and Ego Architect agreed to modify the contract, they were both bound by the new terms, and no one could go back to the old agreement. Another observable viewpoint in this agreement is acceptance by conduct. This happened when Agro Builders used the drawings. Its conducts showed that it accepted them and now it ca nt go back to say that they drawings were defective. Modification of a Written Contract by a Subsequent Oral Agreement The main issue here is a question on whether an oral contract can vary a written contract. The work of Bailey states that When two or more parties enter into a written agreement, the presumption is that the agreement is a full expression of the parties respective rights and obligations unless it is shown not to be the case. Strong evidence will generally be required before oral terms will be found to be introduced into a written contract [6] Following that explanation, it is important to realize that the court sees more value in a written contract that it sees in an oral contract. Nevertheless, its also well clear that the court will not look away from an oral contract that carries all its elements. So for an oral contract to be admitted in modifying a written contract, the court must analyze the observable facts. Some of these facts are the conduct of the parties. The ruling in RTS Flexible Systems Ltd v Molkerei Alois Muller GmbH was a very clear indication of how conducts of the parties demonstrate whether they wanted the terms of the contract to prevail or not.[7] The Supreme Court concluded that as far as the parties had executed their obligations, that meant that they had accepted the terms of their contract despite that they had not signed it. To clarify, the court said that their conducts demonstrated that they treated the unsigned contract as though it was signed. Apart from the conducts, the court may also seek to find whether there was the consent of the parties. This was held in Globe Motors Inc v TRW Lucas Varity Electric Steering Ltd. In this case, the Court of Appeal found that the parties had consented to oral modifications. Likewise, the court may also seek to find a misrepresentation or inducement. The case of Keane Telecom Consulting, Llc V. Manhattan Telecom Corp is an excellent illustration.[8] Where one party induces the other to oral amendments, the court stated that "Once a party to a written agreement has induced another's significant and substantial reliance upon an oral modification, the first party may be estopped from invoking the statute to bar proof of that oral modification.[9] Similarly stated that; A party acting on reliance upon an assurances, representation, undertakings, or conduct of another party in relation to a contract, that promising party would be estopped from benefiting from such misrepresentation.[10] Lastly, the court also looks at the partial performance. For example, the court entered a judgment in favor of Wagner when Udevco refused with the payment.[11] This was merely because Wagner had relied on the express oral instructions of Udevco. Similarly, Agro should order the oral agreement since it is clear that it acted in line with the methods explained above. Legal Principles Applicable and the Hierarchy of Contract Documentation Due to complexity of construction projects, they involve a series of documents. Byrne stated that construction disputes "involve consideration of an enormous number of documents and due to the availability of modern computerized techniques for document management means that there is now no incentive to limit the number of these documents deployed at trial.[12] Even though that these documents are part and parcel of a construction project, sometimes they include discrepancies when each document stipulate different terms over one matter. Luckily, theres an effective technique that construction professionals employ in solving these problems. The most common technique is including a clause to handle inconsistency with the hierarchy of documents. To clarify, parties to a construction may agree to include a clause stating that if there were any disagreement with the documents, the contract document would enumerate the entire hierarchy of documents.[13] Another method that has been applied for long has been the use of common law or arranging the documents in a layout that signify their significance. In common law application, that law will in most cases call the parties to refer to the documents by applying a reasonable man's perspective.[14] It may also call the parties to reach out to analyze the ambiguities.[15] Also, the law may invite the parties to solve the conflict by referring to the consideration of the contract as a whole.[16] Lastly, the law may suggest a dismissal of the clauses causing the confusion.[17] In the case of a layout according to the importance, most projects will generally have the layout starting with the agreement, specification document, the drawings, and lastly, they can have the bills of quantities or scheduled rates.[18] Legal Effect of stamping the specifications approved on any future contractual position Stamping specifications and other authority in construction come as the responsibility of the engineer or architect. Normally, a standard construction project involves the owner, engineer/architect, contractor, and the subcontractor. Among these people, the engineering position is the most critical to the entire construction. Any failure in this area would probably lead to a weak construction output. Even though that it may seem like the architects has a lot of duties, the only requirement from that sector is just to perform with diligence and avoidance of negligence. Denning LJ summarized the tasks of the architect as; The law does not usually imply a warranty that [the professional man] will achieve the desired result, but only a term that he will use reasonable care and skill. The surgeon does not warrant that he will cure the patient. Nor does the solicitor warrant that he will win the case.[19] The most valuable thing to note is that the architect does have both implied and express obligations in a contract. In concern for approving specifications, the architect exercises its supervising authority by allowing the use of those specifications. However, this also relieves the engineer the power to disapprove the specification during the future performance of the constructions contract.[20] Also stamping documents implies acceptance of obligation. The Architect/Engineer was held liable for breach of implied warranty because it had fixed its seal to the consultant's drawings.[21] At other instances, the engineer has the duty to inform the owner of contractors mistakes.[22] Generally, after sealing the documents, its usually held that architects accepts both responsibilities and liabilities in case it happens that the specifications were defective.[23] Sometimes its normal for variations and amendments to occur due to natural causes, but there are other times that these changes or modifications occur due to mistakes that would have been easier to evade. For example, the construction team can avoid errors that come as a result of the failure of the contract documents to cover every detail of the construction. This mistake can be avoided by correctly analyzing the project without generalization, and conducting a site visit before finalizing the contract. At other times, amendments may come if the construction team fails to note or take seriously the mistakes that were with the drawings or missing data in the specifications. The team can avoid these errors by having their engineer ask another qualified engineer to review the specifications or the drawings. By the same token, concentrating on one project specification at a time and avoiding the double marking of different project's specifications can reduce the errors that may occur due to mismarking. Additionally, due to tendering process, the tenderer may quote a low price with the intention of raising the price after winning the tender. This may also bring amendments at one point. To avoid this problem, the tenderer can provide a reasonable budget that sufficiently covers the project, and they can try to explain themselves during the tender evaluation process. Lastly, the manager or the engineer can also adopt the use of carefully prepared and coordinated front-end documents to limit variations.[24] Resolution of technical disputes Some of the disputes in a construction project arise from technical matters, and they differ depending on their complexity or subject matter. Where the parties are cooperative, tt's easier to solve uncomplicated technical disputes by using preventive ADR methods which are negotiation and mediation. These methods are applied immediately after the rise of the dispute, and parties resolve their differences in good faith. Other methods of ADR that they can use are conciliation, arbitration, and expert determination. These methods are most common in issues of technical matters. The parties call a third party who helps the parties in assessing the differences and also actively aids them in reaching an agreement. In arbitration, the third party attends both sides and determines the case giving an enforceable judgment. In a broader look, expert determination is dispute resolution process where the disputing parties bring in a third party with expertise in a particular field to help them settle the problem.[25] In the critical issues of technical matters, the disputing parties use an expert determination. The main work of an Expert is to assess the quality of work delivered, determines other facts, and evaluates the legal issue.[26] Also in relation to dispute resolutions and use of experts, most of the construction contracts include a clause stating that the parties would first use an expert determination for their disputes before seeking other resorts.[27] Construction cases are special in their nature, and unlike other court claims; construction claims involve a significant use of evidence. When a construction dispute goes for a trial, the court would first need to see how the dispute developed. By this, the court starts assessing the evidence from the time when there was no dispute. This means without enough written evidence, the court may be held up in tackling a construction claim. More importantly, its good to know that courts do not just accept any paper as a shred of evidence. There must be rules for admissibility of written document. One of the rules is that for a document to bring evidence on construction disputed, it's critical that the document qualifies that it was written during the construction hours. Also, a claim should have a diary that was also written during same working hours. The next principle concerning the use of documents is that those providing evidence on the construction site should be made at the site. Additionally, it is also recommended that the persons who prepared the documents should appear as witnesses so that they can give their oral testimony. Lastly, the court would require that the information in the document to have come from a credible source. To sum it up, a successful case between Agro and Ego would require a set of documents. For one, Agro as the complaining party would have to bring the contract document showing all the terms that were agreed during the formation of the contract. The second thing that can add weight to the case is the diary of the work reports. The diary should clearly show the name of the persons and the time those persons attended or visited the site. In addition, it should also show the progress of the work. Telephone recordings are also important, and so they should be part of the information submitted to the court. That is mainly because they give very good evidence on the matters deliberated by the parties as the work progressed. Notably, these recordings should be reduced into a note bearing the names of the callers and the subject of the topics discussed. Besides, the parties should bring the copies of submittals and the date they were submitted if they were not submitted on the same day. A report of tests taken in the site should also form a part of the documents. The report should include the reason for the test, the results and the structure if the there were installation of test materials. Expert Witness and Shortcomings of Using Expert Witnesses: Courts assess expert witness basing the assessment on two main elements; "it must be agreed or demonstrated that there is a field of specialized knowledge; there must be an identified aspect of that field in which the witness demonstrates that by reason of specified training, study or experience, the witness has become an expert.[28] The other one is that the opinion which is given must be wholly or substantially based on the witnesss expert knowledge[29] There are lots of issues affiliated with expert witnesses. These issues were summarized as There are, however, some signifi cant disadvantages to relying solely on the dual fact witness/expert witness to present expert opinion testimony at arbitration or trial. The expert s involvement in the project may rise to such a level that the expert develops a personal stake in the facts in dispute, compromising that person s credibility as the expert shifts from neutral observer to active and adversarial participant. The dual role of such an expert as both fact witness and expert witness also raises some difficulties for the attorney in discovery and at trial under the Federal Rules of Evidence. These concerns include the potential loss of the attorney - client privilege and work product protections over communications and information shared between the attorney and the expert. These risks can be weighed only on a case - by - case basis.[30] The Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 2002 (Vic) gives the claimant a right to progress payment to claim the unpaid to amount that the respondent was supposed to pay.[31] Making a successful claim would require the claimant to follow the procedure stipulated in the act strictly. As an illustration, the law requires that the claim; "Must be in the relevant prescribed form, must contain the prescribed information, and must identify the construction work or related goods and services to which the progress payment relates. Also, the claim must indicate the amount of the progress payment that the claimant claims to be due and it must state that it is made under this Act.[32] In other words, a payment claim must hold all sufficient information that will help the respondent to understand the source of the claim. Conclusion Construction disputes are normal, but what matters is how the parties handle such conflicts. Some of them are simple, but when overlooked, they may become to be complex disputes that can end up in a trial. Therefore, it is necessary that parties should try and solve disputes as soon as they rise using the either negotiation or mediation. Also, adherence to the terms stipulated in the contract and acting in good faith are a key to a successful construction project. Altogether, this paper has examined at the formation of a construction contract, and different ways that can be used to resolve construction disputes. Biography Brudner A, The Unity Of The Common Law (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2013) McKendrick E, Contract Law (5th edn, Oxford University Press 2014) Kelleher T and Walters G, Smith, Currie Hancock's Common Sense Construction Law (4th edn, John Wiley Sons 2009) Klass G, Contract Law In The USA (1st edn, Kluwer Law International 2010) White F, Commercial And Economic Law In Ireland (1st edn, Kluwer Law International 2011) Bailey J, Construction Law (1st edn, Informa Law 2011) Byrne D, The Future of Litigation of Construction Law Disputes, Speech delivered at the Reception to Announce His Honours Appointment as the Patrol of the Construction Law Program (University of Melbourne, 5 September 2007) Davison P and Mullen J, Evaluating Contract Claims (2nd edn, Wiley-Blackwell 2009) Pickavance K, Construction Law And Management (1st edn, Taylor and Francis 2013) Burr A, Delay and Disruption in Construction Contracts (2nd edn, Taylor and Francis 2016). Uher T and Davenport P, Fundamentals Of Building Contract Management (2Nd Edition) (2nd edn, University of NSW Press 2009) Andrew C, 'Alliancing In Delivery Of Major Infrastructure Projects And Outsourcing Services In Australia - An Overview Of Legal Issues.' (2004) 21 The International Construction Law Review https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/90365263 accessed 11 May 2017 Szypszak C, Understanding Law for Public Administration (1st edn, Jones and Bartlett Publishers 2011) Mannan S and Lees F, Lee's Loss Prevention In The Process Industries (Butterworth-Heinemann 2012) RTS Flexible Systems Limited v Molkerei Alois Muller GmbH [2010] UKSC 14. Globe Motors Inc ors v TRW Lucas Varity Electric Steering Ltd [2016] EWCA Civ 396. Keane Telecom Consulting, Llc V. Manhattan Telecom. Corp., 2013 N.Y. Slip Op 32261 (Sup. Ct. 2013). Udevco, Inc. v. Wagner, 678 P.2d 679, 100 Nev. 185 (1984). Rosen H and others, Construction Specifications Writing (6th edn, Wiley 2013) Maggbury Pty Ltd v Hafele Australia Pty Ltd [2001] HCA 70 210 CLR 181. Lewis Construction (Engineering) Pty Ltd v Southern Electric Authority of Queensland [1976] 50 ALJR 769 Adelaide City Corp v Altermann (1987) 46 SASR 186 Westpac Banking Corp v Tanzone Pty Ltd [2000] 9 BPR 17, 521 Greaves Co (Contractors) Ltd v Baynham Meikle Partners [1975] 1 WLR 1095 Tomlinson v Ashland County (1919) 173 NW 300, 170 Wis 58. SD Bldg. Auth. v. Geiger-Berger Assoc., 414 N.W.2d 15 (SD: Supreme Court 1987). Kerry, Inc. v. Angus Young Assocs., Inc., (Wis. Ct. App. 2005) 694 N.W.2d 407 Ambassador Baptist Church v. Seabreeze Heating Cooling Co., (Mich. Ct. App. 1970) 184 N.W.2d 568 Heart Research Institute Ltd v Psiron Ltd [2002] NSWSC 646 Dance With Mr D Ltd v Dirty Dancing Investments Pty Ltd [2009] NSWSC 332 Lines MacFarlane Marshall Pty Ltd v Fletcher Construction Australia Ltd (2000) VSC 358 SD Bldg. Auth. v. Geiger-Berger Assoc., 414 N.W.2d 15 (SD: Supreme Court 1987). Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 2002 (Vic)

Job Descriptions free essay sample

Running Head: Staffing Organizations – Job Descriptions Maintaining Job Descriptions Sharon Chambers Strayer University Dr. Annette West July 24 , 2011 Current Issue The InAndOut, Inc. , company provides warehousing and fulfillment services to small publishers of books with small print runs. After the books are printed and bound at a printing facility, they are shipped to InAndOut for handling. The owner and president of InAndOut, Inc. , Alta Fossom is independently wealthy and delegates all day-to-day management matters to the general manager, Marvin Olson. Alta requires that Marvin clear any new ideas or initiatives with her prior to taking action. The company is growing and Marvin expects to hire new employees within the next year to meet this growth. Job descriptions for the company were originally written by a consultant about eight years ago. They have never been revised and are hopelessly outdated. As a general, Marvin is responsible for all HR management matters. Since Marvin has to clear new projects with Alta, he needs to prepare a brief proposal that can be used to seek approval of new job descriptions. We will write a custom essay sample on Job Descriptions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Importance of Job Descriptions Whether youre a small business or a large, multi-site organization, well-written employee job descriptions will help you align employee direction. Alignment of the people you employ with your goals, vision, and mission spells success for your organization. As a leader, you assure the interfunctioning of all the different positions and roles needed to get the job done for the customer. According to Susan M. Heathfield, About. com Human Resources Guide, effectively developed, employee job descriptions are communication tools that are significant to your organizations success. Poorly written employee job descriptions, on the other hand, add to workplace confusion, hurt communication, and make people feel as if they dont know what is expected from them. Foster Thomas Blog, Complete HR Solutions states, â€Å"it is essential to maintain accurate job descriptions. † Job descriptions are important both from a legal and practical standpoint. From a practical point of view, job descriptions help the jobholder understand the responsibilities of the position and provide a sense of where the job fits into the company as a whole. From a legal perspective, job descriptions aid in the compliance of several laws. Job descriptions provide a basis for job evaluation, wage and salary comparison and equitable wage and salary structure (Equal Pay Act). Job descriptions are often used as supporting documentation when it comes to establishing a job’s exempt or non-exempt status (Fair Labor Standards Act). Job descriptions provide a basis from which to determine whether an applicant with a disability is qualified for the job and to determine if any accommodation is required to perform the essential functions of the position (ADA analysis). Outdated job descriptions lead to risky business decisions. For example, if an employee is terminated because he/she could not perform a job function but that function is not on his/her job description, the company risks a wrongful termination charge. Similarly, if a disabled employee is terminated due to inability to perform an essential job function, but the essential job function is not listed on the description, the employee may claim that he/she was terminated due to his/her disability, not a legitimate business reason. Job Descriptions Format From a format perspective, job descriptions should contain the following sections and statements: Essential duties and responsibilities; * FLSA classification; * Job specifications (i. e. , education requirements, other skills required); * Physical demands, work environment * Job Summary or purpose * Signature and date section for the employee and supervisor. * Physical demands statement: â€Å"Reasonable accommodations may be made to enable individuals with disabilities to perform the essential f unctions. † Updating Job Descriptions Organizations could undergo restructuring, expansion, downsizing or relocation. Companies, departments and teams change and also business priorities as well as technologies. This could result in the job functions of employees changing to accommodate the changes in their organizations. Employees might assume new responsibilities or leave out tasks that were not working very well. Such changes should not be ignored and strict adherence to the old job descriptions would be counterproductive to organizational well being. In the event that the job functions of the employees change, it is imperative that their job description change as well. In essence, after writing initial job descriptions, there are a number of good reasons to update them n accordance with the changes taking place in the job functions of the employees (Mader-Clark, 2008). The bottom line is that just as it is important to write new job descriptions when an employer is planning to hire new employees, it is equally important to continually update job descriptions to keep them relevant with the real job functions of employees in the organization ( Mader-Clark, 2008) and (Gan and Kleiner, 2005) . Another compelling reason for updating job description is the hiring process would suffer if one were to hire new employees based on obsolete job descriptions. One of the important factors determining effective recruiting is successful prescreening of applicants. This involves listing of job’s requirement in the advertisement or providing realistic preview of the job during initial call. Job postings using obsolete job descriptions will not attract the right candidate for the job. Job interviews are used to select the candidates for the job. Questions that are asked during selection interviews are structural, behavioral and job related. In order to have predictive validity the questions have to be based on authentic job descriptions. Job analysis has to be arried out and job description written on the actual job duties. Management could encounter legal problems if job offers and employment contracts are prepared on job descriptions that have not been updated (Roberts, 1997; Mader-Clark, 2008). Freeman (1996) and Mader-Clark (2008) have specified a number of reasons to update a job description and these are listed below: * Where a fun ction is added or deleted from the job. * Where someone that is hired possesses new skills that does not track the old description. * Where a higher level of contribution from a position is required, such as a new skill or a body of knowledge. Where there has been a change in the requirements of the job, like a special certificate to carry out the job Process of Developing a Set of Thorough and Current Job Descriptions According to Heneman and Judge (2009), as far as the process of writing new job description or updating existing ones is concerned, it should encompass the following elements: * Defining the need to revise job description format. * Job analysis. * Updating or creating new job descriptions for every classification and making sure that they are premised on current and proper information. Making an assurance that the description meets all legal standards for every position. * Job evaluation. * Updating. The first step here normally concerns making a comprehensive definit ion of the need to revise the job description format and this is done while using pre-existing information and format as much as possible in order to minimize costs and time as well. Beth Bulger, Director of HR Services (Foster Thomas), advises, a practical way of updating job descriptions is to ask managers to confirm that the job description is up-to-date as part of the performance review rocess. You may also give employees a copy of their job description and ask them to give feedback to their managers. Review all job descriptions on a set schedule, such as during the annual performance review. Conclusion Whether you’re hiring someone new, evaluating a current employee or determining compensation, a job description provides consistency and clarity for everyone involved. Taking the time to write an accurate job description now will save you money, time and energy in the future. References Heathfield, Susan, Employee Job Descriptions: Why Job Descriptions Make Good Business  Sense. Retrieved July 24, 2011 from About. com: http://humanresources. about. com/od/glossaryj/a/jobdescriptions. htm Bulger, Beth, The importance of Accurate Job Descriptions. Retrieved July 24, 2011 from Foster Thomas Blog. com: http://www. fosterthomas. com/blog/bid/33742/The-importance-of-Accurate-Job-Descriptions Farnham, D. (2000). Developing and implementing competence-based recruitment and selection in a social services department – A case study of West Sussex County Council. International Journal of Public Sector Management,13(4), 369-382 Gan, M. and Kleiner, B. (2005). How to Write Job Descriptions Effectively. Journal of Management Research News, 28(8), 48-54 Dessler, G. (2008). Human Resource Management. New Jersey: New Jersey. Heneman H. and Judge T. (2009). Staffing Organizations 6th Edition, Middleton, WI: McGraw Hill International Edition Mader-Clark, M. (2008). The Job Description Handbook- Everything You Need To Write Effective Job Descriptions- And Avoid Legal Pitfalls 2nd Edition. San Francisco: Nolo. Roberts, G. (1997). Recruitment and Selection: A Competency Approach. London:

The Redesigned SAT Math Test

The Redesigned SAT Math Test    In March of 2016, the College Board administered the first Redesigned SAT test to students who want to apply to college. This new Redesigned SAT test is very different from the SAT of years gone by and one of the major changes is the SAT Math Test. Different test types, content, and test format abound.   Confused about whats in store when you take the test and how the Redesigned SAT relates to the old SAT? Check out the Old SAT vs. Redesigned SAT chart for an easy explanation of each tests format, scoring and content, then read Redesigned SAT 101  for  all  the facts.   Aim of the Redesigned SAT Math Test According to the College Board, their wish for this math test is for it to demonstrate that students have fluency with, understanding of, and the ability to apply the mathematical concepts, skills, and practices that are most strongly prerequisite and central to their ability to progress through a range of college courses, career training, and career opportunities. Format of the Redesigned SAT Math Test 2 sections: Calculator Section and No Calculator Section80 minutes57 questions3 types of questions (multiple choice, grid-in, and extended thinking grid-in)4 content areas 4 Content Areas of the Redesigned SAT Math Test The new Math test focuses on four different areas of knowledge as described below. The content is divided between the two test sections, Calculator and No Calculator. Any of these topics can appear as a multiple choice question, a student-produced response grid-in, or an extended-thinking grid-in. So, on both test sections, you can expect to see questions related to the following areas: 1.  Heart of Algebra Analyzing and fluently solving equations and systems of equationsCreating expressions, equations, and inequalities to represent relationships between quantities and to solve problemsRearranging and interpreting formulas 2.  Problem Solving and Data Analysis Creating and analyzing relationships using ratios, proportions, percentages, and unitsDescribing relationships shown graphicallySummarizing qualitative and quantitative data 3.  Passport to Advanced Math Rewriting expressions using their structureCreating, analyzing, and fluently solving quadratic and higher-order equationsManipulating polynomials purposefully to solve problems 4.  Additional Topics in Math Making area and volume calculations in contextInvestigating lines, angles, triangles, and circles using theoremsWorking with trigonometric functions The Calculator Section: 37 questions | 55 minutes | 40 points Question Types 30 multiple choice questions6 student-produced grid-in questions1 extended-thinking grid-in question Content Tested 13 Heart of Algebra questions14 Problem and Data Analysis questions7 Passport to Advanced Math questions3 Additional Topics in Math questions The No Calculator Section: 20 questions | 25 minutes | 20 points Question Types 15 multiple choice questions2 student-produced grid-in questions Content Tested 8 Heart of Algebra questions9 Passport to Advanced Math questions3 Additional Topics in Math questions Preparing for the Redesigned SAT Math Test The College Board is working with the Khan Academy to offer free test prep for any student interested in practicing for the Redesigned SAT. In addition, other companies have great, reputable practice tests and questions to help get you ready.

Statement of purpose Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Of purpose - Personal Statement Example onjunction with having pursued additional course modules on English as a Second Language at ELS Charlotte, English language at the English Language Center, and Intermediate Algebra I acknowledged that in contemporary times, the role that technology plays in education is paramount. I would like to specialize on technology tools, applications, development of instructional designs that integrate technology in the fast changing contemporary learning environment, among others. I strongly believe that Utah State University accords the most effective dynamic and multi-dimensional approach that would assist in achieving my goals. As I am indebted to my home country for according me with opportunities for professional growth, I plan to apply what I would be learning in advanced knowledge, skills, and competencies to educational institutions in my home country; where I plan to teach in post-secondary or undergraduate levels. I am confident that the wealth of diverse learning that would be generated from Utah State University would enable me to be an instrumental contributor to the growths and developments of students who would be under my direct tutelage; and more so, on the educational institutions that I plan to propose improvements in the learning

Mid term Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Mid term Questions - Assignment Example The barrage of rumors in March, 2012 of an impending coup d’etat which flooded China’s blogosphere and convincingly reported gunshots and tanks in the streets of Beijing aptly exemplifies the extent of this cyber threat. According to Batchelor, Bobrowicz, Mackenzie and Milne (2012), the development can be dangerous and panic-inspiring when such information is created and disseminated by an individual of high social standing. In like manner, the extent of this danger is underscored by the fact that social networks are the very tools which were used for coordinating the Arab Spring. It is clear that some of the organizers of the Arab Spring may have been stationed outside target countries, but instead used the cyberspace to manipulate the conscience of the masses. Q. 2: The Future of P2P From a casual glance, the future of P2P file sharing program appears bleak, considering the fact that it is receiving tremendous levels of resistance from governments, international trade agreements and lobby groups. This resistance may call for the need to annul the use of P2P file sharing program and replace it with another one (Pankaj, Hyde and Rodger, 2012). However, P2P file sharing program may be compelled to exist in another format, without being faced out as a whole. There is veracity to the standpoint above because, totally facing out of P2P file sharing calls for the introduction of more and stronger restriction laws which may further bring constitutional problems (such as the contravention of the First Amendment to the US Constitution) which exceed piracy. Abdul-Rahman, Weiss and Santoro (2010) are poignant that it is inappropriate to use Napster’s failure to forecast P2P’s. This is because, unlike P2P file sharing system, Napster failed because of it had a centralized system which bundled unfiltered search engines with software which uploaded and downloaded data. Q. 3: Reasons for Facebook’s large User Base According to Robert Metcal f (born April 7, 1946), the value of a telecommunication network is proportional to the square of the number of users who are connected into that network. This is known as the Metcalf’s Law. DeJong (2012) links the widespread use of Facebook and the notoriety which Facebook enjoys, to Metcalf’s law. Herein, DeJong (2012) is categorical that the number of Facebook users increases, just as the value of a fax machine increases with the total number of machines in a network. Thus, Facebook enjoys an increasingly large and expansive population, simply because it has a greater number of users in the world of online social networks. Q. 4: On Second Life Being the Future It is clear that the future of Internet use and connections hold nothing promising for Second Life, due to a number of reasons. According to Mayer-Schonberger and Crowley (2006), some of these reasons include poor quality assurance, congestion and moral problems. As for quality assurance, it is known that Lind en Lab focused too much on the introduction of newer features to the production environment, in lieu of fixing long-term bugs which cause financial losses for Second Life users. It is against this backdrop that on April 30th, 2007, 700 frustrated Second Life users sent an open letter of protest to Linden Lab, highlighting their concerns over Second Life’s quality assurance. In another wavelength, it is widely known that Second Life has had serious setbacks stemming from congestion. This is because a single region hosted on a single CPU accommodates a limited

Modern society is too dependent on technology Essay

Modern society is too dependent on technology - Essay Example Mass media which involve a great deal of technology has become part of what the modern society feeds on daily. Certainly our day today living is greatly impacted by technology. One key question that this paper seeks to respond to pertains to how dependable is technology to modern society. It is widely accepted that technology has been employed in various field for purposes of achieving efficiency. One such technology is the internet technology. It is indisputable that mass media (computer technologies, internet and phones) are the day today technologies that individuals interact with. Certainly, media technology is central to all other technologies and acts as a link. This thus implies that when addressing the subject of influence of technology on the society one cannot sideline the three mentioned above. However, this does not disregard other technologies such as marine technology, airlines technology, and military technology alongside other technological field. On a larger scale, internet serves various functions including but not limited to businesses transactions, advertisements, social networking and education, among other activities. Computer technologies started gaining popularity in 1970s. Increasing popularity of mass media and related technologies (Faithi & Marun, 2010) has made these developments correlated with a changes in the behaviors and habits of the generation today. The most affected generation has been the youths whose delinquency has been increasing across the globe, because the popularity of mass media. Education performance has also been made better or worsened (Kilburn, 2009) following the increased online education and social media. Mass media has been accompanied by various forms of entertainment that affect the young generation and for one to claim he or she is dancing to the tune of modernity, he or she must be seen to impress this technology. Soup Operas,

Effects of War on Fuel Market Equilibrium

Effects of War on Fuel Market Equilibrium Fuel, oil or in some countries called gas is undeniable as important commodities and resources for many sectors in the world especially in transportation, providing energy and industries. Let take a look on fuel sales. The sale of world oil is USD 1,600 billion in the year 2008. Most countries without this natural resource will have to pay in order to get this resource and in the year 2000, Saudi Arabia is reported gained about USD 80 billion dollars as export income. This shows that the demand of this resource is becoming high and of course important as energy sources. Based on International Energy Agency (IEA) report on 2009, top three importers of oil are United States of America, Japan and China. Globally, fuel market demands are increasing every year. According to IEA on December 2010 report, global oil product is revised up from 130, 000 (Kb/d) barrels per day to 87.4 million barrels per day and it is expected 260 000 barrels per day to 88 million barrels per day in 2011. That was a huge increasing demand! What does demand means? Demand is determined as total amount of goods required and able to be purchased by consumers at various price levels in certain period. Besides that, demand also related with other variable which is quantity and price. In measuring demand quantity for oil and car market, we can predict that other variables also affecting consumption are remains. Nowadays, oil productions are dominated by Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) which led by Arab Saudi and the others are five of Middle East producers which produce 75% of global output. The world oil production chart is shows in figure 1 (b) as per below: As we know, crude oil plays important role in every sectors of world economic from heavy industries to agriculture sector. Once war outbreak in a country especially one of the main producers of oil in the world, then the impact will be spread out all over the world. Why? Oil prices will causes increasing in prices and directly infecting world economics too. As an example, Iraq invasion in Kuwait in 1990 has reduced the supply of oil as Kuwait contributed 2.5% of world oil production while Iraq contributed 5%. Therefore, this has cut off oil supplies for about 7.5%. Thus, we could calculate the percentage of oil production being cut off from country A! However, this will reduce the aggregate of oil supply and upward pressure on the price level and indirectly causing decline of total output. See? The impacts are interrelated with each other and thus affect the world economy. According to the law of demand, it says that when prices increases, demand quantity decreases and when price decreases, demand quantity increases. This is shown in figure 2: In the other hand, we can predict the effect on equilibrium quantity and prices when there are changes in demand or supply. Equilibrium is the term used in economics field which means a condition where all variables have reached established position with no tendency to change. Market equilibrium will maintain as no market forces which affecting demand and supply. Demand and supply are shifting to the left or to the right as a response to changes in determinant variables. In country A case, fuel supply disruptions happen and thus causing price increase and demanding falling decrease. This is due to economics law states that all factors all equal as the price of goods or services increase and the demand will decrease. This is shown in figure 3(a) as per below: As the fuel price increase from P1 to P2, quantity demanded for fuel will decrease. This relation are referred to Law of Demand where when price increases demand quantities will decreases and when price decreases, the demand quantity will increases. Therefore, consumers will reduce their demand for cars and this will result shifting supply curve to left. According to supply change, when supply decreases and the demand remain unchanged, the equilibrium price will increase and at the same time equilibrium quantity will decrease. Lets look what happen while Hurricane Katrina blows US in September 2005. The price was raised by sellers and in certain states such as Arkansas and Kentucky there are shortage of supplies. Shortage of supplies also called excess demand. Therefore, when the war broke out in country A, then we can predict that the same scenario will happen and the situation might be worst. This will results in rise in the equilibrium price of fuel. The demand of oil is inelastic as we couldnt replace or substitute oil as energy sources. Inelastic of demand here means that the price change ratio is bigger than ratio of quantity change. Therefore, price change will give more significant effect. Once the fuel or petrol affected due to war in country A, car market also will influence as they are classified as complementary goods. Complementary good means that goods which can be consumed together to get satisfaction. Therefore, the effects of war on car market are discussed as per below chapter. Effects of war on car market equilibrium What is the relationship between oil and car? Actually, we can say that if there is no oil, major problems will be faced by transportation sectors such as lorry, tanks, public vehicles, industries and also our daily transportation. In the year 2009, Malaysia faced shortage of diesel supply and what is the effect? There are lots of vehicles which used diesel stocked because of this. The same phenomena are predicted to be happening when country A involved in war. In wider view, there are about eight millions of vehicles all over the world which used fuel in the year 2000 and this number is greatly increased every year! So what are the impacts if the fuel price increased? Fuel consumers may choose to drive less, using alternative transportation such as commuter, looking for fuel resource substitution and they might choose electric based engines such as hybrid car. Therefore, there are close relationship between fuel price and car market as fuel and car are complementary on each other. By the way, what will happen if the price of fuel increasing whiles the price of car increase too caused by tax? We could imagine that there is lot of cars with various engine power offered with low prices! As the fuel price is higher need to be paid by consumers, the cost of petrol guzzling vehicle such as BMW and Mercedes Benz will increased. Thus, the demand of luxury cars will decline. As an alternative, consumers in the market will look for cost saving vehicles as solution. They might change to lower power vehicles in cubic centimeter (cc) such as PERODUA cars in the market and etc. as solution if the war happens for short term. This has been proved by a research which has been done by economist at Imperial College, London recommended that consumers will tends to look for more efficient energy cars, selecting and prioritize public transport for trips and minimize their travel distances. As a result, there will be lots of luxury used car offered in the market and demand curve will shift to left as shown in figure 5. In the other hand, what will happen if the war continues for long term? In this case, we can assume that production of new cars will be reduced or being stop at all until the situation recovered and thus, demand curve will decrease. This effect towards demand curve and supply curve is illustrated in figure 6: Tax imposition effects of the fuel market Tax is implemented by government who rules in a country towards sellers for each unit of goods being sold. Therefore, we as consumer had to pay higher cost to get those items we required. As an example, we are paying additional 1% which total out 6% of government tax for ASTRO services since February 2011. Tax which imposed by government means increase cost for sellers. Thus, the tax will shift the supply curve the left as in figure 7. From the figure, the price paid by consumers and price received by sellers are shown as the different at tax value of t. The amount of tax which collected by government is on area P1 P2 BC, while amount borne by consumer are on P0 P2 BE and the seller tax is on area P1 P0 EC. In most countries, the implementation on tax fuels is intended for transportation sector and it is function as one of revenue source. As the demand of car is elastic, it means that demand is responding to price change. In this case, the supplier or producer must borne or absorb the tax. When demand is elastic, the effect of tax implemented is raising the price as mentioned in figure 8. However, equilibrium quantity will decrease in this situation. At war situation, demand for fuel will drop and demand for substitutes will increase. Among substitution choices at this time is using alternative electric vehicles and focusing on public transportation such as train. In 2008, Malaysia is ranked at 26th place as world oil producers with 753,700 billion barrels per day (Malaysia is also one of OPEC member).  The number of production is small if compared to Arab Saudi which produces 10,250,000 billion barrels per day. Due to war impact even though we still have the resources, the fuel must be used with most efficient way as Malaysia just began to learn, implement and use other energy alternative such as coal in electric plant. Who will bear the taxes imposed on fuel? Taxes consist of direct and indirect tax. Then where does tax income goes to? Those incomes which collected by a government were used for development of country, public works, education, enforcement of law, health care and etc. Big issue arising on the tax imposed by government is who will bear the cost? Actually when the demand is inelastic, the producer or seller has the ability to pass most or all of indirect tax to consumer by raising the market price of car. What is mean by elasticity? Elasticity is defined as sensitivity measurement of a particular variable towards one of its determinant such as price. Therefore when demand of car market price is elastic, the producer cannot simply pass the tax to the consumer but they have to bear majority of the tax by themselves. Therefore, the tax borne by consumer and supplier is shown in figure 9 as below: Usually, suppliers will hand over the tax which borne by them in whatever goods or services to consumer. The different is whether the amount is small or big. Price elasticity of demand measures response of quantity demanded by consumer of a particular good towards change in the price of the good. What does indirect tax mean from figure 9 as above? Indirect tax is the tax which imposed by government to suppliers. Examples for these taxes are duties on alcohol, cigarettes and fuel. For certain reasons, government levied tax as a strategy to improve environment. In other words, tax is opposite of subsidies which given by government. Logically, consumers have to pay the tax for fuel as it is needed daily. Whether we move to a destination to another by our own car, taxi, buses, by flight or by sea, it all used fuel as energy. As country A still recovering from war, it means that world supplies for fuel will take times to gain stable again. In countries like Japan, China and Denmark, transformation has begun to develop electric vehicles. In Japan, their cab has used fully electric operational cab in Tokyo. Malaysia which also affected by high fuel prices should learn and start to develop electric vehicles too and should concentrate on transformation. As we know, the increasing price of fuel will directly influence the other daily goods such as milk, sugar, meat and etc. to rise too. Thus, consumers have to bear the effects in the other side. Therefore, it is unfair all burdens of taxes being bonded by consumers. Conclusions As fuel demands are increasing all over the world, alternative energy substitution of fuel are highly recommended. According to Bob Lutz from General Motors, when the price of oil rising and stay, it has negative effects to economy as oil is used in the production of virtually in everything, including steel, aluminum, plastics, rubber, fabrics, transportation, and food (Daniel Gross, 2008). Consumers may not hold the high prices for longer period of time. Implementation of tax must be review from time to time and should be studied on the impacts to consumer, market and economy. Too high taxes will burden consumers and of course the price of goods will rise too. Therefore, demand of goods will decrease! In order to implement the taxes, government in country A must consider many aspects before the tax is being implemented. This step actually will give impact for long term. Why? We have seen the effect of high fuel price towards car market. Nowadays, car is considered as must have or needed at least one unit in a family or a household. However, lots of car offered in the market is also beneficial to consumers as we can choose the type of car we like with the specifications we like. That was for short term effect. What will happen if the main producer of fuel continuously involved in crisis or the crisis took longer period to be calm and solve? The effect will be worsening and as could be as what had happen in 1970s where fuel supplies in West countries in that year were in critical situation. Political stabilities also play important roles in influencing fuel price especially in Middle East countries. We know the fact that Middle East countries are rich with oil resources. Latest crisis in Libya has almost cut off about 300,000 barrels of fuel production. According to Oil and Gas Journal (OGJ), Libya own total proven oil reserves of 46.4 billion barrels as January 2011 which is the largest in Africa. Thus, war situation or this type of crisis has put fuel supplies at risk. Traders and analysis is watching closely on strikes especially in countries such as Iran as continuous oil price spikes could cause inflation and infecting global economic growth. Latest news, Oil companies reported has shut off their plant as the country is still in chaos. What is become worsening is the other country which is also producing fuel, Oman also involve crisis. Thats frightened as the risk of oil production surely will stop. Words: 2,804

jackie robinson Essay -- essays research papers

The grandson of a slave, Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, in Cairo, Georgia; he was the youngest of five children. Jackie grew up very poor, but little did he know that his athletic ability would open the doors for his future. After his father deserted the family when Jackie was six months old, his mother, Mallie Robinson, moved the family to California in search of work. California also subjected blacks to segregation at that time, but to less of a degree than in the Deep South. The young Jackie defused his anger over this prejudice by immersing himself in sports. He displayed extraordinary athletic skills in high school, excelling at football, basketball, baseball, and track. After helping Pasadena Junior College win the Junior College Football Championship, Robinson took his athletic ability to the University of California at Los Angeles and became a top collegiate running back in 1939. Having used up his athletic eligibility, as well as having some financial trouble, Robinson left UCLA before graduating. After college he held a job with the National Youth Administration work camp until the camp was closed due to the onset of World War II. In the fall of 1941 he joined the Honolulu Bears professional football team. In 1942, Jackie Robinson was drafted into the U.S. Army. He was accepted into Officer Candidate School in Ft. Riley, Kansas and was commissioned a 2nd Lieutenant in January 1943. While stationed at Fort Riley in Kansas, Robinson worked with heavyweight champion Joe Louis to eradicate unfair treatment of blacks in the military. However, inequities would persist in the armed forces for decades to come. He was later transferred to Ft. Hood, Texas where an incident in which he refused to move to the back of the bus found Court Martial charges brought up against him. He was found innocent, but was honorably discharged in 1944 on the grounds that his ankles had been weakened during his years of playing football. Robinson joined the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro League in 1945 for a reported $450 a month. Although he soon became one of the league's top players, he was not fond of the low pay and relentless traveling and apparently had no intention of making baseball a career. That attitude was changed due to the efforts of Brooklyn Dodger president Branch Rickey. Starting in 1943, Rickey had been searching for a black playe... ...ckie Robinson’s debut. On that day, Major League Baseball announced that the number forty two would be retired throughout the Major League, an event that was symbolic of the impact that Robinson had on baseball. Jackie Robinson always went his own way, answering to his own instincts and refusing to be swayed by those who objected to his choices. He never took for granted his role as a trailblazer in the integration of sports and the opening of opportunities for blacks in the United States. By being a man with incredible physical skills, mental fortitude, and competitive fire who arrived in the right place and at the right time in history, Robinson had a major impact on the black struggle for equality in the twentieth century. Jackie Robinson's signing with the Brooklyn Dodgers was the most significant event to occur in baseball since World War II. Although Robinson may not have been the best athlete in the Negro Leagues it was his overall character, education, and social upbringing that appealed to Branch Rickey. Collectively, they paved the way for integrating the game, allowing some of the greatest players to participate who had previously been restricted to their own league.

President Musharraf’s Validity and Endorsements by Supreme Court

Written by: Afreen Baig Chronological record of events, that validates President Musharraf’s election as President and subsequent endorsements by Supreme Court http://presidentmusharraf. wordpress. com/2009/02/01/musharraf-validity-by-supreme-court/ 1- On 13 May 2000, Pakistan’s 12 member Supreme Court unanimously validated the October 1999 coup and granted Musharraf executive and legislative authority for 3 years from the coup date. Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry was one of the judges that validated. (Link) 2- On 7 October 2002, the 5 member bench of Supreme Court validated LFO and amendments to constitution. Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry was one of the judges that validated. (Link) 3- On 29 Dec 2004, PML-Q government passed the 17th constitutional amendment bill in National Assembly, with 2/3 majority, also approved by Senate that allowed President Musharraf to hold dual offices. (Link) 4- Constitution of Pakistan – Article 63 clause (1) paragraph (d), read with proviso to Article 41 clause (7) paragraph (b), allows the President to hold dual office. 5- On 13 April 2005, the 5 member bench of Supreme Court gave judgment in favor of 17th amendment and President’s uniform. Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry was one of the judges that validated. (Link) 6- On 28 September 2007, the Supreme Court cleared the way for President Pervez Musharraf to seek another five-year term, and stand for Presidential elections, when six of the nine judges, rejected a tangle of petitions against him and threw out a major legal challenge to his re-election plans. Presided by Justice Rana Bhagwandas. (Link) 7- President Musharraf was elected President of Pakistan, on 6th October 2007, by a combined electoral of the Senate, National Assembly and the FOUR Provincial Assembles. – President of Pakistan declared emergency on 3rd November 2007, as per Article 232 of the constitution. 9- The 10 member bench of Supreme Court (SC) on 24 November 2007 directed the chief election commissioner and the government to declare Pervez Musharraf president for a second term. (Link) 10- On 24 November 2007, the Pakistan Election Commission confirmed Musharraf’s re-election as President. (L ink) 11- President Musharraf won by 58% votes, declared in November 2007, as the constitutional President of Pakistan! 2- On 28 November 2007, Musharraf relinquished the office of Chief of Armed Staff, as per November 2007 verdict of the Supreme Court. 13- On 15 Feb 2008, the Supreme Court validated the proclamation of emergency of 3rd Nov 2007, PCO 2007 and oath of the judges. This full court judgment was written by Chief Justice Abdul Hameed Dogar. (Link) These facts above raise serious questions regarding the credibility of those so-called political intellects and experts of judicial matters that appear on media talk shows, accusing President Musharraf of violating the constitution, thereby seeking to apply Article-6 on him. They do so, merely for publicity and self exposure, overlooking the role of the Judiciary all along and misguiding the public to zenith. They should know that the Parliament and the Supreme Court, has approved and endorsed every single decision taken by President Musharraf. President Musharraf – being the President of Pakistan was the rightful authority to sign amendments to the constitution, after being approved by the Senate. Article 270-AA of the constitution gives full protection to the 17th amendment and the 1999 coup, which cannot be called into question in any court of the country on any ground what-so-ever. The 17th amendment was approved by the National Assembly by 2/3 majority and made into law, as part of the constitution. Then, the Constitution (Amendment) Order, 1980, (P. O. No. 1 of 1980) section 2 clauses (3A), (3B) and (3C) give full protection and immunity to Martial Law Regulation made by the Chief Martial Law Administrators, any sentence passed by a Military Court or Tribunal, Chief Martial Law Administrator or a Martial Law Administrator or any person acting under the authority of either, and cannot be called into question in any court. Then, Article 248 clauses (1) (2) (3) (4) of the constitution, protects the President, and he shall not be answerable to any court for the exercise of powers and performance of functions of his respective office, no criminal proceedings whatsoever shall be instituted or continued against the President or a Governor in any court during his term of office and no process for the arrest or imprisonment of the President or a Governor shall issue from any court during his term of office. All of President Musharraf’s decisions were according to the constitution, approved by the supreme Parliament and endorsed by the Supreme Court. Despite these above mentioned facts and articles as per the constitution, if those prejudiced intellects and revenge seeking politicians, call to apply Article-6 on President Musharraf, then they should know the article in full. Article-6 clause (2): Any person aiding or abetting the acts mentioned in clause (1) shall likewise be guilty of high treason. Which clearly indicates – that the Supreme Court and the Parliament itself that approved and endorsed the events from 1999 till 2007 shall be held equally responsible, for abetting, if a case ever arises. Yet, as Article-6 itself is NOT a self governing article, that could decide and instigate itself automatically, hence Article-6 provides a clause, leaving it to the supreme Parliament to decide, if and whenever, such a case arises and is brought to the attention of the Parliament. Article-6 clause (3): [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] shall by law provide for the punishment of persons found guilty of high treason. Other than the supreme Parliament, no other institution can approve nor apply Article-6. Afreen Baig is an independent analyst majoring in International Relations and Economics. She can be reached at [email  protected] com (c) PRESIDENT MUSHARRAF http://presidentmusharraf. wordpress. com/2009/02/01/musharraf-validity-by-supreme-court/

Sinbad The Sailor Essays - Sinbad The Sailor, Sinbad, Free Essays

Sinbad The Sailor Essays - Sinbad The Sailor, Sinbad, Free Essays Sinbad The Sailor Sinbad, the Non-Classical Hero The stories on Sinbad the Voyager from the Arabian nights, are fantastic tales of voyages of a merchant named Sinbad. The stories are told as Sinbad tells them to a humble porter named Hindbad, who after complaining about his lack of financial fortune outside of Sindbads luxurious home is invited into Sindbad's home. Sinbad offers Hindbad dinner and a hundred sequins, a substantial amount, to listen to his stories. Throughout the stories of Sinbad the Voyager in the Arabian Nights the main character Sinbad lacks the classic properties of a hero and is only respected because of his exotic stories and his wealth. Sinbad throughout his stories fails to prove himself worthy and respected for any virtues that make up a hero. He lacks such fundamental virtues like courage strength and mental superiority. His only distinguishing traits are that of luck and perseverance and his love of travel. However although Sinbad may be an appealing and charismatic character its the stories that are appealing and not his behavior. The fantastic creatures and lands that Sinbad speaks of are the main attraction of the stories and Sinbad is merely a merchant traveler who lives to tell their tale. Although he is the one who manages to escape with his life when confronted with the perils however its luck that liberates him from the hazardous situations. Sinbad fails to show any courage in any of his seven voyages. His apparent acts of bravery are brought forth by his will to live, and are not influenced by any noble cause. He musters up enough courage to burn out the single eye of the giant on an island, but only in the desperation of having watched his companions eaten by the giant. Even in that situation they poke out the eye of the monster without any courageous encounter, in fact they poke out the eye of the monster when he is asleep and then they run for their lives. In Sindbads encounter with the roc, or the gigantic two-headed bird, he ties himself to the birds giant leg in order to escape from his giant nest. This act is also an act of desperation, once not other alternatives are available Sinbad turns to his only available option leaving his life in the hands of fait. Even such more modern characters who bear great resemblance to Sinbad such as Robinson Crusoe, shows more courage than Sinbad. Robinson Crusoe is also a sailo r and a voyager who becomes stranded on a remote island after his shipwrecks. Robinson Crusoe faces cannibals that frequent his island in order to save other savages from being eaten. Sinbad never attempts to save anyone but himself. Sinbad shows neither leadership skills nor traits of an individual, he is no different then the men traveling with him. He refers to his fellow travelers as comrades and does not see himself as being more important in any way. His crucial role, and his most prominent trait is that of his story telling skills. Most classical heroes posses a skill that is more refined than the average man, whether it is skill to battle or a superior intellect, often they are aware of this skill and are able to distinguish themselves. For example Ulysses, was also a sailor and a voyager, however his heroism came from his ability to lead men, and to use his intellect to escape seemingly unforgiving situations. His voyages were also as exotic as Sinbads, however even his people regarded him as the hero. Sinbad, believes that he deserves the luxurious life he leads because he endured so many hardships, however the hardships were brought upon him by his own will. He was never placed in a situation where he was forced to endure such hardships, but put himself in these high risk situations through his own love for traveling and sailing. His riches were not earned through hard work, but luck of escaping situations, which he placed himself in. Most classical heroes are rewarded, or offered a reward for their actions or commit their acts of bravery because of a noble cause. Mullan, fought to protect her sickly father from being drafted into the army, which was a

Of mice and men coursework

Of mice and men coursework Of Mice and MenFurther reading courseworkJohn stienbeck and Elisabeth gaskel are both very similar writers and both write similar storeys. Two of their books "of mice and men" and "half brothers" both have similarities and links. Even though they had 100 years of time between them the two story's both have similar characters and are both convincing in similar waysHelen and her first husband were in a very close relationship we know this due to the fact that she could not talk about him after he died of scarlet fever, as she is two upset. Then her first baby dies just before Gregory was born. But she soon forgot about him and concentrated on rasing GregoryShe then marries William Preston but this is more for financial and social security as she starts loosing her visions and can no longer sew with her aunt fanny.Of Mice & Men (album)Whom came to help look after her and the baby. So when William asks her to marry him she was relieved and jumped at the chance for some one to look after her and her baby. But this was not based so much on love but on the security that he could provide.William did not have a very god relationship with Gregory because after the third baby, the narrator, Helen dies but William blames Gregory for the death of Helen, even though it was more likely to be the narrator's fault. But William had hated Gregory to the point that he even bullied the dog, lassie. But he mused have loved him deep down as he still raised Gregory and let him live with him.Gregory's relationship with his half brother was not a good one as they blamed each other for the death of their mother. But Gregory...

Executive vs. Non-executive Pay Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Executive vs. Non-executive Pay - Research Paper Example Average pay is made from chief executives to the low ranking managers. In the other hand, non-executive pay is a payment done due to management of department or regions where executive works in smaller companies (Martocchio, 2011). The companies which provide non executive pay do not comprise any governing body or board. Compensation is one of the disparity that grows in this line of executives as they are paid differently but performing the little task as compared to the employees. Management differences and organization plan in an organization determines employees payments. Chief executives in some companies tend to do a lot of work than others and earning more (Martocchio, 2011). Executives determine the success of failure of an organization because since they plan for every task undertaken including the payment. Good management is determined by the level of knowledge and experience with the

Meritocracy Rule by the best Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Meritocracy Rule by the best - Essay Example A vision to build a strong nation is attributed chiefly to the politicians, who, by means of their powers direct and formulate regulations. Therefore, political powers should also be provided on the basis of merit like other positions in diverse organizations. This is the most imperative aspect as rule by the people i.e. the Democracy generates disarray of thoughts and leaves little room for desired accomplishments. According to Plato individuals are categorized as- Producers- encompassing individuals who are governed by their cravings and are inspired to acquire materialistic comforts. This category is attributed to the individuals who are involved in banking services, trades, general practitioners or businessman and therefore they possess slightest political supremacy. Second category involves Auxiliaries- encompassing individuals who are governed by aspiration, faithfulness, principle, respect and bravery, individuals with such temperament join police or military. On the other hand, the third category encompasses- Guardians- these individuals are governed by the reason to formulate policies and laws. These individuals decide the course of the society. Essentially, Guardians should be intellectuals with farsightedness and an insight to think beyond the persisting issues. They are required to possess an understanding that generates empathy and provide means for the happiness of everyone. This category should actually belong to those who are selfless and not selfish. They need to be the Philosophers, to exist and provide modestly in support of the nation. These individuals should ideally work with least remunerations and should be truly devoted towards their duties for the wellbeing of the nation. For all intents and purposes, there has to be a criterion where it should be mandatory that those who are willing to serve the nation in real sense should come

System Development - Tools and Techniques Essay

System Development - Tools and Techniques - Essay Example The causes of information systems failure may therefore include: - lack of research, risk management criteria as well as long term commitment. In terms of costs and their required functions, the implementation of information systems becomes more complex day by day. Mere assumptions that an individual is in the position of managing and IS project without conducting thorough prior research, formal training, and the engagement of required expertise would be a lie (Korac-Boisvert and Kouzmin 1995). In line with the same, all the stakeholders of an information systems management right from the management, Information technology staff and the leadership ought t be engaged. Risk determination with regards to the project needs to be undertaken as well as factors such as budget overruns and delays needs to be researched and distributed normally before the project is initiated (Westrup 1998). The facilitation of this elaborate plan is majorly only possible when the management engage all partie s in setting a more realistic period under which any given form of information system is delivered. The second cause of failure is the, â€Å"acceptability† of failures. ... Despite being involved in repeated high profile failures you will find that a health institution still succeeds in winning over 60% of government contracts with the only looser being the taxpayer. The training given the high demand for their services at present does not seem to be of any significance as failure seems and order of the day and hence acceptable or to an extent is even expected. The third cause is the lack of user buy-in and ownership. It should be noted that despite an introduction of change, there is need to convince the users of the efficiency that is likely to arise out of a given new system. These would include the onset of better work practices and better patient in the unique environment of the National Healthcare System (Slater 1996). Due to the pragmatism portrayed by most clinicians, the above factors may be of much value to them as well as the convenience brought about by the use of information technology system. Overlooking the end users of a system may be qu ite detrimental; consulting them should therefore be of priority since this would enable the establishment of systems, which are of great relevance to the users of such information (ParA and Elam 1998). An example in the healthcare system would be the implementation of the Computerized Physician Order Entry Systems. Such a system is of much benefit to the management since they provide them with detailed information to enable their scrutiny of the physicians. On the other hand, there is no addition to the daily practice of the physician since with the slowdowns of the systems what results is more frustration (Westrup 1998). The system becomes even more redundant

Situation Essay Example for Free

Situation Essay Situation A: An employee took time off due to his wife giving birth prematurely. His requested time off was approved by his original manager as the employee qualified for FMLA since he has been with the company for two years and was for the care of his spouse. Under (1)†FMLA rules certain employees can be provided up to 12 weeks unpaid, job-protected leave per year. The employee must work for the company at least 12 months, have at least 1250 hours during the 12 months and the where the employee work, the company must employ at least 50 employees within 75 miles†. (1) â€Å"Eligible reasons for leave to be granted to an employee are: * birth and care of the newborn child of an employee; * placement with the employee of a child for adoption or foster care; * to care for an immediate family member (spouse, child, or parent) with a serious health condition; or to take medical leave when the employee is unable to work because of a serious health condition.† The employee requested to return to work after 11 weeks, his new manager approved his return along with his pay prior to his leave from the company. The employee’s request for payment of his salary while he was on leave for 11 weeks was not approved. The company would not be in violation of FMLA rules if the new manager decides not to pay the employee. (1)FMLA states that leave is to be unpaid and therefore the company has the right not to pay. The company complied with all the FMLA eligibility rules when they granted leave and reinstated the employee to his original position and pay rate at the end of his 11 week leave to care for his wife and new born children. If the company provides sick or vacation time an employee can take this during their time off. It’s an unfortunate situation for the employee and the company. The returning employee’s original manager left the company during the employee’s leave and approved his being paid during his leave I feel the following actions should take place. First, attempts to contact the previous manager to confirm the employee’s statement and upon confirmation payment should be granted. Second, the company should show a gesture of good faith and up hold the original manager’s agreement. Third, an amendment to company policy should be put in place to cover future events. Written and signed by both management and employee to the exact terms agreed upon prior to leave under FMLA are to be taken. This is for the protection of the company and their employees. Situation B: A company conducts its annual review in which the results reveal one of its senior employee’s (68yr old) is doing exemplary work and another younger employee (32yr old) is doing average work. The promotion was given to the younger (32yr old) employee over the senior (68yr old) employee due to his age. Even though the fact that the senior employee’s work was above par in comparison to the younger employee. The company is in direct violation of the ADEA of 1967 which states (2)â€Å"certain applicant and employees who are 40 years of age and older are protected from discrimination on the basis of age in hiring, promotion, discharge, compensation, or terms, conditions or privileges of employment.† In this case the 68 year old employee could sue the company based on Age Discrimination and win. Situation C: A potential applicant who is wheelchair bound due to paralysis of his lower extremities applied for an open position with company x. The applicant would need to have access to all seven floors in order to do their job. The company would need to provide â€Å"reasonable accommodations†. Company X denied the potential applicant because of â€Å"undue hardship† that would be brought on the company for retro fitting the elevator keypads in two of the four elevators to accommodate the potential applicant needs to gain access to all the floors. After reviewing the American Disabilities Act of 1990 and the needs of the potential applicant to determine whether retro fitting the existing elevator keypads would create an undue hardship to Company X or not I found the following (34) †Reasonable accommodation is any change or adjustment to the work environment that would allow the disabled worker to perform the essential functions of the job or to allow the disabled worker to enjoy the benefits and privileges of employment equal to employees without disabilities. These additional accessibility alterations are only required to the extent that the added accessibility costs do not exceed 20% of the cost of the original alteration. However, the facility is obligated up to the 20% limit. The path of travel requirement covers elevators, ramps, doorways, pathways, drinking fountains, phones, work space etc.† Company X should provide backup documentation that shows retro fitting the elevators would exceed 20% therefore creating the â€Å"undue hardship†. The only alternative suggestion would be not to retro fit the elevators. Two of the four are not in need of retro fitting so if the potential applicant could safely gain access to all seven floors and still be in compliance with â€Å"ADA† then Company X would be and only then be in violation of â€Å"ADA† when they denied the applicant employment.

90s :: essays research papers

Music in the nineties can be simply described as diverse. Diverse meaning that music has been segregated into hundreds of groups. This report will refer in detail to three genres of music: Alternative Country, Rap, Alternative Rock. It will also cover certain aspects indicative of the 90's. Alternative Country Music In 1990, a band called Uncle Tupelo from Belleville, Illinois, released their debut album. Titled No Depression, it featured a rough mixture of punk-rock songs, but it also added something different: several toned-down, acoustic ballads that had a distinct country flavor. A few years later, that simple little song and album title became the name of an internet fan club and chat group. It didn't stop there, in 1995, a magazine of the same name went into publication, and "No Depression" soon became the leading title for a progressive alternative country movement. Other names include "insurgent country" "Americana," or simply "alt.country," the latter is a reminder of the role the internet has played in the growth and publicity of this movement. For the most part, No Depression or alt.country bands aren't much of a threat to the sales figures of mainstream Nashville country artists. But the speed with which this music has caught on has shown that a substantial number of people have grown weary of the overproduced pop trends of 1990's mainstream country music, and the limited range of styles and sounds that are typically played on country radio stations. Rap Music Rap of the late 70's and 80's, commonly called "old school", was made by DJs scratching records and playing drum loops, with MCs rapping over the resulting rhythms. As the genre progressed, hard-rock guitars and hard-hitting beats were introduced by Run-D.M.C., the first hardcore rap group, and the scratching techniques were replaced by sampling. With their dense collages of samples, beats and white noise, Public Enemy took sampling to the extreme, and they helped introduce a social and political conscience to rap. This faded in the '90s, as gangsta rap, originally introduced by NWA, who used Public Enemy's sound as a template, became the dominant form. By the '90s, gangsta rap, which originally was in direct opposition to such pop-oriented rappers as MC Hammer, had become smoothed over and stylish, and consequently was more popular than ever, as evidenced by the success of pop-gangsta Puff Daddy in the late 90's. Alternative Rock Music Alternative pop/rock is essentially a catch-all term for post-punk bands from the mid-'80s to the mid-'90s. Though there is a variety of musical styles within alternative rock, they are all tied together since they originally existed outside of the mainstream.