Can grading systems influence the motivation of students in further Essay

Can marker carcasss influence the motivation of schoolchilds in further eductaion - Essay ExampleIt is hard therefore to restrict the extent of the effect of the grades on the students motivation. Grades ar positive reinforcers that could increase the probability of the behaviour that produced the consequence of reoccurring.He sees grades as herculean judges of students success or failure. But he also suggests that grades have limitations as incentives. He discusses inquiry that suggests that grades can interfere with the learning process and the quality of learning when students are only working to outsmart the grade and therefore decrease intrinsic motivation. He even cited research that showed that good grades could also earn un striked students.Since grades have variable effects on student motivations, Docan suggests that the way the grades are offered may determine the effect on student motivation. The common systems used include competency-based or criterion based gradi ng where students are graded on achieving a certain competency in skills, and the point systems where students earn points for complete work. He cites Bressette (2002) who found that the use of a plus/minus system serves as an excellent motivator for students to continue strong efforts on all assignments and examinations right up to the last day of classes. It was also describe that fear of moving to a lower grade from lack of effort might also motivate the student.The debate of whether grades and any grading system can act as motivators for students continues with Chulkov (2006) who posits that the design of the grading system is not important in motivating the student. Part of his argument is connected to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. He believes that though grades may provide some extrinsic motivation, they have no power over students who are intrinsically motivated. In this study where grades were used to motivate students to complete coursework, it was found that

Evaluation Of IT Architectural Consideration Term Paper

evaluation Of IT Architectural Consideration - Term Paper ExampleWith this solution, client or customers will be apply a voice over internet protocol to communicate with service providers from the company, who would in turn reach urgency service to the clients. This will replace the use of plain old phone scheme (POTS) as a medical alert transcription. IT Architectural Considerations By consideration of the business orientation of GER UMUC and the proposed Salesforce Platform, the customer birth focus is selected as the most useful enterprise solution for the company. According to OBrien and Marakas (2011), customer blood management (CRM) involves the use of technology to manage a companys present and future clients or customers. In effect, CRM requires that the company undertakes specific interactions with its existing and potential clients to ensure that they receive the best of service and exchange products. Given the fact that the business orientation of GER UMUC puts them as manufacturers of emergency response products, the use of customer race management will ensure that the companys clients who are often in need of solutions to death emergency situations will receive user-centered and customized attention from the company. The Salesforce Platform will also ensure that customers are offered strike interaction avenues. IT characteristics Accessibility Because GER UMUC belongs to a specific industry, which identifies itself with emergency response, it is important that the manufacturing and service provision lines of the company beseem directed towards clients who require and give emergency services. It is for this reason that the characteristic of accessibility mustiness be integrate into the Salesforce Platform to ensure that access to the system is limited to specific users who require urgent emergency products and services. then the advantage that such need for accessibility will create is that it will relieve the system of gratuitous pressure from people who do not require its usage (Avison, 2007). Availability Disasters and events that bring about emergency situations, requiring the attention and service of GER UMUC have been said to be highly unpredictable (Bodker, 2006). This means that the Salesforce Platform must be make available on a 24/7 basis. Once this is done, efficiency with the system can be guaranteed and enhanced because it will be possible to provide sufficient service at bottom defined time frame, a principle that OBrien and Marakas (2011) note are necessary for effective management of information systems. Reliability Several studies have been undertaken to compare the functional reliability of the plain old telephone system (POTS) to the voice over internet protocol (VoIP) in terms of provision of quality talk service. In this, it has been storied that whereas the POTS is fast becoming an outmoded technology, VoIP is fast taking its place. To this end, developers have given some(prenominal ) attention to the advancement of VoIP to ensure that it provides tailored and advanced service (Bertelsen, 2000). The proposed technology solution is therefore expect to be one that will function accurately and provide correct information. Usability It will be noted that it is not all members of staff of GER UMUC who have background in information and communication technology specializations. Meanwhile, for the system to be

Conestoga-Rovers and Associates Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Conestoga-Rovers and Associates - theatrical role Study ExampleFor that reason, organizations implement strategies that aim at empowering employees to perform their duties with an innate drive and freedom to interact with each other. A bon ton can enhance the productivity of its goers through creating a replete(p) surround over which they can interact with their colleagues productively as well as ensure a matey atmosphere. Conestoga-Rovers and Associates as well as other companies have a purpose in their attempt to despatch several hearty events that influence the working environs for their employees. Influencing the working purlieu has indirect effect on the productivity of an organization as well as a direct one on the morale of employees and therefore, many of them perform with a positivistic attitude. Companies have various reasons why they influence the working environment for employees and that cause them put a lot of investment to achieve it and therefore, improve pr oductivity. Conestoga-Rovers and Associates Company creates a controlling working environment so that it can improve the morale of its employees as they deliver their function to the confederacy. The company invests in improving the working environment with the understanding that it is likely to perform well when employees are happy. A moralized employee has high commitment to the activities of the company and takes his or her responsibilities so that he or she can ensure succeeder of the company. In many circumstances, motivated employees are committed to the improvement of the working environments because they develop a consciousness of ownership to the activities of the company (Nyp, 2007). On the other hand, creating satisfaction mood in employees ensures that all the employees can encourage the properties of the company for which they are working and reducing the chances of the company making losses. Creating a positive working environment enhances retention of highly per forming employees and builds their loyalty to the management and the administrators of the company. In a company that allows employees freedom, growth and interactive platforms for doing their day to day activities, highly performing workers are likely stick by for long. Employees are likely to stay because they feel that the company for which they work values their services by creating an environment for improvement of skills and refreshing their bodies by and by a period of continuous work. In Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, employees have enough time to spend in social activities on regular bases, which makes employees to break their monotony of regular working (Nyp, 2007). Companies manage its working environment so that it can attract highly qualified employees who are likely to improve its productivity in display case of a vacancy. Conestoga-Rovers and Associates Company or any other company improves working environment as elan of creating a competitive advantage in the m arket in the process of acquiring new employees for the company. Employees that work in a company that has a positive working environment act as ambassadors with good information to the labor market for which the company fetches new employees (Nyp, 2007). When there is a vacancy and the company advertises and attracts a large number of candidates, it gives the management an easy time to select the best for a job from a large pool of applicants. Question 2 In order for a company to pull up stakes services that are unique from the ones that other companies offer, it has to evaluate the various factors that characterize it workforce. On the other hand, a company may consider its monetary potential to offer motivations to its employee according to their number and the size of the perks they want to provide to them. To achieve the goal of giving perks that its employees value, Conestoga-Rovers

Ecotourism Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ecotourism - oddball Study ExampleThe current exchange rate is 1.00 USD = 3.26 RM (Tourism Malaysia, 2014).Petronas Towers is a popular tourist destination. This 88 take aback building is the second highest in the world and consists of the Petronas Philharmonic Hall, Petrosains Science center, Petronas Art Gallery and the Aquaria Oceanarium.Sunway laguna is a popular Amusement and Water jet in Malaysia. The giant wave pool and water games are perfect for family entertainment. The park also consists of activities like off-road game, paintball and flying fox for the more adventurous lot.The Batu caves consist of 3 big caves, angiotensin-converting enzyme of which has a hindu temple inside with beautiful besiege carvings d desperateting a mythical epic story of India. There are 272 steps to reach the top of the hill and there are numerous rock climbing activities unaired the caves.Genting is an area a little away from Kuala Lumpur. It is home to the Genting Sky stake which provi des a sky diving facility for its customers. There is also an international standard climbing wall at the Genting X-pedition and other facilities such as bowling and Cineplex are also accessible for tourist entertainment.The Petronas towers induce limited accessibility for the disabled and wheel chair ramps are not found ein truthwhere, especially near the ticket counters. Ticket counters open at 830 am and often the queues are very long. This can prove to be a hassle for tourists but it can easily be inflexible by offering more ways to dispense tickets. This can include online websites and more ticket counters. The addendum of more ramps to the ticket counter section and sky deck can ensure that the Petronas Towers be practice friendlier for the disabled.Sunway Lagoon is a popular tourist destination but most tourists often complain the food available in the park is not good and too expensive. Tourists who wish to leave the park to eat and come back are not allowed in again

The Relationship Between Lobbying, Businesses And Political Decisions Essay

The Relationship among Lobbying, Businesses And Political Decisions - Essay ExampleThis research will begin with the statement that lobbying is the process of trying to mould the decisions made by an administration, for example, the government especially the members of legislative assemblies of regulatory agencies. Economic lobbyists represent, educate and advocate on the behalf of their business clients interests. Politics and frugals affect each other in complex sometimes uncomprehensible ways. The aim is to make the people in the administrative capacity to look favorably on the gradient of the business. Politics and economicals are tied together with some scholars even arguing that politics is entirely an extension of economics. Political economists strongly speak out on the proactive position of governments in economic policy and for their ability to regulate the business cycle. Regulation of the business cycle involves putting in domicile fiscal and monetary measures in order to mitigate or avoid adverse effects of economic depressions and recessions. These measures also pertain to economic policies such as taxation, economic barriers, price fixation et cetera. The aim of the economic lobbyists is to make sure that the policies the government makes favor them and provide a conducive business environment for the victory of their businesses. The lobbying involves delivery of data or opinions to a government decision maker at local or national level. They do this by presenting the interest of their company or client in the context of public interests.

Mergers & Acquisitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Mergers & Acquisitions - Essay ExampleThe activity of fusion & acquisition is predominantly undertaken by the acquired firms to improve the monetary performance. The following factors are considered to improve the financial status of the organisationThe combined company oftenly reduces its fixed cost by extracting extra departments, lowering the costs of the company and to increase the revenue of the organisation, thus increasing the returns margins.A profitable company can buy a company who are at freeing so as to make use of the targets loss as their merit by decreasing the revenue liability. In the United States and other countries, rules are that of profitable companies buys those companies who suffer from loss, which limits the tax motive of acquiring a company.Geographical diversification is for earning easily from a company, which in the long term helps in the trends of the stock securities industry of a company to rise, giving investors confidence while investing in the company.Vertical integration occurs when the upstream and downstream companies are combined. There are various reasons for vertical integration to occur. One reason is a relationship of internal with an external problem. A common example one of an external problem is that of retell margins. Double margins occur when the upstream and downstream companies are the monopolies in power, every company decreases output from the rivalry to the monopoly level, which results to two losses. By merging the firm can burden one loss by put the downstream companys output in the competition. This result to increase in the profit. A merger that introduces a vertically integrated firm can be profitable.The Saudi Arabian Oil accompany (Saudi Aramco), owned by the Saudi Arabian Government, is a collective, global petroleum initiative, and a world loss leader in discovering and producing, refining, distribution, and etc.The company operates and reserves of 260 billion bpd oil , the largest than an y other company in the world, and is the fourth

Supply Chain Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

bestow Chain Management - look for Paper ExampleWithin this paper, we review the literature addressing planning amidst two or more fundamental stages of the tote up stove, placing specific prominence on models that would provide themselves to total supply stove mode. Introduction Supply Chain management is described as the underlying natural expansion of the prevailing economizing and re-engineering undertaken by organizations. Economizing and correspondent re-engineering changed the enterprises into incline and connote competitive units through cost reduction and procedure simplifications (Lamberti et al, pp36-42). These operations entailed the optimization that takes the bounce of the number of individuals involved, duration and intricacy of the work of the underlying business units. Business units are the main practical and managerial realms over which the administrations possess full control. Moreover, the strategies have resulted to escalation of productivity and profit to the organizations. Nevertheless, the benefits are leveled off cod to the alteration of the organization approach. The alteration are by product of the closed system global visit of the business enterprise involved indoors the full chain, with the organizations trying to endure within the unfriendly environment, forward that all the underlying members within the value chain were rivals with whom the prevailing organization ought to battle, though the functions undertaken by the varied organizations might be auxiliary but not harmonizing. The comprehension that global picture is mainly execute to development of organizations thus prompting business enterprises to commence strategic associations with other prevailing organizations (Lamberti et al, pp36-42). Common background of supply chain management undertaken by organizations mainly entail the demand-supply chain. Therefore, there is no competition amongst the suppliers, partakers within the chain, sub-contract merchants, in-house merchandise processes, transportation, circulation, warehouses and the final consumer since they undertake mutually exclusive tasks. The paper mainly explore the necessity for SCM , recording of the SCM models, Issues that pertains to designing SCM outline, quantitative approaches and SCM,Information technology in SCM enabler, strategy of a Multiple Criteria DSS for haulage and distribution and the entailment of the SCM archetype to the management sector and agree open part enterprises. Matters in SCM A supply chain mainly entails activities, purposes and facilities used in the process of producing and distributing a product and service, from the underlying suppliers to the corresponding customers. Thus, supply chain management paradigm is mainly geared towards the process of optimization of every component Production and corresponding Operations management, which include manufacture, warehousing, record, shipping and supply and the underlying interconnection amidst thes e components synergistically. Numerous models that are employed in the production and functions control and administration in supply chain management include Just-In-Time, Vendor Managed scrutinize model, Zero Inventory model, and Total Quality Management. The models mainly focus on diverse components that pertain to the supply chain and its entire optimization. Nevertheless, within an

The Subject Labor Relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Subject Labor Relation - Essay lawsuitWhether knowingly or unknowingly most of the individual is under stress. This stress is not limited to notwithstanding Industry it prevails in personal life, private life, business, education, and industry. In industry again it was believed that the managerial staff is scarce subjected to more stress with targets and deadlines. But in modern industry stress is prevailed in all including a worker on whom the production targets are fixed efficiency is closely monitored. Stress leads to wellness problems much(prenominal) as nervousness, Blood Pressure, heart problems, constipation, muscle problems, tension, depression etc. Stress not only leads health problems it also leads to budget loss to the industry in form of compensation claims. Stress leads a litter of loss to any industry since due to stress the workers loose health which lead reduce their productivity causes compensation etc. (Erika.Hampton on 12/10/2005 52447 PM) Stress flush toilet be reduced by a some minutes walk around and a few minutes meditation. Short breaks give mental relief and refresh the mind thereby enables the workmen to work to the optimum capacity. (Angela. Monti on 12/13/2005 94357 PM) Dilly Dally of assignments leads to stress. Avoiding the postponement of work cigaret reduce stress. The assignments, which cannot be done, are to be eliminated from taking up and those that can be done may be undertaken. Most of the managers do not want to hear the discussion No from their workers or sub-ordinates they unendingly want to here yes whatever job assigned to them. This creates stress first on the workers and then it will be shifted to the boss again when they spoil the job in stress. To reduce the stress listen to the word No try to understand why No then counsel the worker then make it yes if it is very yes.

Organizational Development in HRD Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Organizational Development in HRD - Assignment role modelHowever, the growth and expansion of the lodge to attract overlarger customers did not come without several challenges. First, the signing of A&P as a customer introduced increased operational costs, quality control problems customer focal point related issues and shrinking profit margins (McKenney, 1998). Secondly, the company was faced with the challenge of remaining competitive in the food market wholesale market, while still serving the large customers, since it also needed to satisfy the small customers. such(prenominal) challenges resulted in the hiring of new employees as well as coordination challenges for the company, which it is dealing with now.The current situation of C&S company is complex, since the holiday is almost approaching and there are bound to be many and large orders from the customers which are to be fulfilled, raising the question as to whether the companys operations were sufficient to get togeth er the rising demand that was certain to occur during the holiday season (McKenney, 1998). Nevertheless, from the time the concept of self-managed teams was introduced, the company has well-tried to address the biggest concerns of costs and quality, since the experimentation of the performance of employees as a team has proved to be competent of lowering costs, while also increasing accuracy in shipments and the quality of the shipments. The current situation of the company also has the volume of work at an all-time high (McKenney, 1998). The signing of a large customer, A&P, and the continued rising demands from the previous small customers, has increased the volume of work for the company greatly.

Popular Culture in the 60's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Popular Culture in the 60s - bear witness ExampleAmericans perceived watching TV as a means of passing quantify. In fact, any(prenominal) time people were not watching shows, they would be comprehend taking about them. Most shows of the time were mostly American although some BBC programs were run on the ABC. Television broadcast could now be through on a color TV, as opposed to black and white, which might explain why Americans care watching TV than listening to radios. Some of the most popular TV shows targeting kids included Walt Disney, Howdy Doody Time, and Mickey Mouse Club, right to name but a few. Some of the popular comedies shows at the time included Honeymooners, I Love Lucy and The Families of the Fifties. The mood of presenting news excessively changed prodigiously from just news reading to presentation of videos of the news events. In addition, detain broadcast alike became widespread (Storey 9). Music also become common, particularly the Rock n Roll, which w as introduced in the 60s. At the time of introduction, many parents perceived it a threat to the behaviors of the American teenagers. Country and western medication also became very popular. Some notable popular artists and groups of this genre include Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, Roy Lichtenstein, and David Hockney. In fact, the beetles could be heard almost everywhere as many people could be seen listening to music through underage transistor radios, portable record players and eight-track stereo in cars. Everyone with a radio could be seen singing on board the thrilling quality of stereo FM broadcasts. Some of the biggest stars of the time include the Motown, the British Invasion, and San Francisco sounds (Farina and Candles par. 4). Research also indicates that the emergence of a rock band group known as the Beatles in 1964 brought about significant changes in music and fashion industry. His influence resulted in the emergence of languish hair and beads and psychotropi c clothing as new style. In this regard, both women and men like keeping their hair long as opposed to cutting them short. In addition, men considered keeping beads very fashionable. Women clothing were mainly psychedelic, in which most women saw short skirts to be very fashionable (Epstein 43). Drugs were also of great meaning to Americans in the mid-sixties. For example, research shows that the lesergic acid diethylamide (LSD) played a huge role in making the mid-sixties as significant as it is was. In this regard, LSD was used to help individuals to figure out things at a different angle that their psychedelic trance would grant them. Marijuana, which is also considered a medicine was also commonly in use by the people of the 1960s. Even though marijuana has remained an illegal drug for several years, the people of the 1960s who were trying to establish new ways of exploring pleasure would smoke marijuana, notwithstanding being illegal (Enu and Kaisha 22). The use of psychedel ic mushroom for experiments also became a very popular ending of the people of the 1960s. Research shows that many Americans of the 1960s experimented with mushrooms in trying to get a new sentry of their world. As such, mushrooms were seen as a very precious food and drug (Oregon Public Broadcasting par. 2). The 1960s also ushered in new methods of cooking

Native American, Cochise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Native American, Cochise - Essay ExampleHowever, this traditional system of governance was gradually disrupt by the dusters. In their quest to overturn the traditional, the white settlers faced some form of fierce foeman from the Native Americans under the leadership of their chiefs and these conflicts resulted in bloodshed in different situations. One of the chiefs remembered for his sworn iniquity and resistance to American dominance is Cochise. The history of Cochise is a must read since it enlightens the readers about the events that took place in the 17th century before the birth of democracy in America which characterises the pre displace day regimen in this country. Cochise was an Apache Indian Chief and his territory covered parts of Arizona and New Mexico (HistoryNet, 2013. There be various key events that defined Cochise such as his involvement in different battles against the white settlers. When the white settlers invaded America, they were resisted by the aborigin es which culminated in different battles. Cochise played a significant role in waging some of these battles in defence for their public security. The critical event in the history of Cochise happened in 1872 when a high powered relegation was dispatched to negotiate with him in order to stop Apache war in the Southern Arizona. According to Sweeney (n.d), the top officials sent from Washington had realised that Cochise was the key person to approach in order to obtain lasting heartsease with the Chiricahua apaches. Thus, it can be seen that this person was critical in as far as the attainment of peaceableness was concerned. Born around 1810, Cochise grew up in the native America but somehow during his mid thirties, things began to adjustment as they started experiencing some conflicts with the Mexicans as well as the white settlers. Having assumed chieftainship around this age, Cochise had no problem settling with these new comers. However, the turning point was in 1860 when catt le belonging to whites were raided and a babe was kidnapped. Cochise was suspect in this incident and was summ championd together with his family to try to address this issue. This led to the arrest of his family but he managed to escape and from then started to wage war with the whites in revenge for killing members of his family. After the incident, various battles ensued between Cochises people and the Americans and Mexicans and these resulted in loss of life. Cochise declared hatred against the white Americans for killing his people and he dedicated himself to fight until the bitter end in defence of his homeland and people. Originally, the Indians lived in the mountainous mountains in the Southwest and they managed to defend their homeland territory under the chieftainship of their great king until a peace treaty was signed in 1872. Up until today, Cochise is one of the few people recognised in the American history for waging a bitter war against the whites in defence of their territorial integrity and sovereignty. He is one of the natives to cause sleepless nights to the Americans since they could not easily subdue this great fighter who had a combative battalion. Up until the end, Cochise came to be admired by the Americans for his outstanding guerrilla warfare skills that resulted in the death of many Americans. though he also lost a great number of his own people through these conflicts, Cochise was not defeated in his cause for defending the territorial integrity of his homeland. He is remembers as one native fighter who defeated the

Blood Groups and Rh Factor Incompatibility Essay

cable Groups and Rh Factor Incompatibility - Essay ExampleE very(prenominal) antigen also has a specific antibody in addition which is found in the body. Antibody A would be found in the blood of the people with blood conference B whereas antibody B would be found in the people with blood congregation A. This defines that both the antigen and the antibody of the alike(p) type could not be found in one soulfulness and this antigen-antibody interaction plays a very important role in blood transfusion reactions.For blood transfusions the donor has to match the blood group of the recipient, like Blood group A can only give blood to another person with the Blood group A, the transfusion will only work if the recipient of the blood group has a blood group that does not have any antibodies in the blood which are against the donors blood antigens. However, when the donors antibodies match with the antigens in recipients blood the clumping of the RBCs occur, this shows that the blood co uld not be transfused.The terms universal donors and universal recipients are described for the two blood groups i.e. O with RH negative and AB with RH positive respectively. The blood of a person with Rh factor get in it could not be transfused to a person with RH negative blood.The transfer of blood cells from zygote to fetch occur during pregnancy when blood cells from the zygote pass the placental barrier and enter the mothers circulatpry system. The mother being Rh negative, her tolerant system would treat the cells like a strange substance starts producing antibodies against the blood cells of the fetus. When the red blood cells are broken down they cause jaundice. Special immune globulins called RhoGHAM, this is no longer a problem for places with good prenatal

How the Rising Cost of Fuel Has Affected Air Travel Research Paper

How the Rising Cost of Fuel Has Affected communicate Travel - Research Paper ExampleThis is in the form of efficiency, cutting costs and passing on the costs to locomotionlers. Introduction The rising cost of burn prices has significant effects on the air travel patience in multiple ways affecting airlines, travellers and other allied sectors. In most ways, the perseverance has experienced numerous negative impacts as compared to positive impacts. This is to the extent of having some airlines pulling out of certain(prenominal) markets altogether or even quitting the industry altogether. This paper seeks to discuss the impacts of spunky give the sack costs on air travel and its effects to the industry. Recent studies in the airline industry make water seen the cost of elicit rise as a result of trends in the world oil prices. As a result, airlines have experienced increased operating costs due to issues of efficiency in burn down consumption and environmental taxes, as well as caps. This way, airlines have sustained increased costs of operation that have touch air travel significantly in regard to the aircraft acquired and expansion programmes (Cranfield University, n.d). In regard to the acquisition of fresh aircraft to be used in air travel, the high fuel costs have resulted in ameliorate fuel efficiency. This is in the form of having airplanes with fuel-efficient engines that bring down the amount consumed over a given maintain (Cranfield University, n.d). ... Moreover, another field affected in air travel, in reference to the increase in fuel prices, is the expansion of long haul and decline of short haul work (Cranfield University, n.d.). This is following frequent advance to aircrafts that have better fuel efficiency as compared to older fleets. Due to the high costs of fuel, the industry is able to adapt accordingly to bring down the costs of operation and keep up with the ever-rising fuel prices and allowing air travel to cover greater dis tances with more capacity, and with lesser fuel consumption. Thus, due to high fuel prices, airlines have opted to focus on revenue management strategies to cut all costs of operation. In this case, the high fuel costs have been placed on the traveller to shoulder the burden, in the fare they deliver for the usage of air transport. However, some, instead of passing the cost of fuel directly on to the passengers, they have elect to have value added services that are optional for the traveller (US Bureau of jade Statistics, 2012). The services could be in the form of meals offered on board and are gladly accepted and paid for accordingly. In addition, services and costs that cater for fuel are in the form of the service that the passenger would like, such as flying business or economy class and all fees charged for reservation and cancellation of tickets (US Bureau of Labour Statistics, 2012). Thus, the cost of travel has gone high as a result of the levies that are passed on to th e traveller. soothe on high fares, travellers have, in recent times following high fuel prices, had to pay more for the cost of their luggage. This contributes to the overall cost of travelling by air through charges for hand luggage, overweight luggage and oversize baggage. In

International finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International pay - Assignment ExampleThe system of the Agreement was aimed towards keeping the major currencies of the world at a mend pass judgment. With the collapse of the system, the world economies have been facing the volatility which is continuing at present as well. downstairs the system of Bretton Woods, the various countries major currencies were used to be refractory in relation to the Dollar charm the Dollar was inflexible with respect to the value of gold. This system indicated that the threat of currency instability was to be abided by the governments. As a result of this system, the corporation houses were to deal with lesser trading activities related with foreign currencies on a large volume. The system of the Bretton Woods Agreement at that time was factually capable of providing earthshaking firmness within the grocerys of currencies (Hussain, 2010). The governments prefer fixed swap rates to floating exchange rates which is universal at present in the world economies because beneath the later system, the currencies demand and supply factors are the determinative of the rate of exchanges within the trade of foreign exchange. Thus, the governments power over the fluctuations of the currency valuation gets removed under the floating rate system. Along with this fact, the risk associated with the currency and financials appears in privatised mold (Ono, 2004). On the other hand, the typical system of the fixed exchange rate allows the governments or respective authorities to bestow controls over accredited tools of the monetary policy such as that of the regulation on the rates of interests and supply of money through and through issuing fresh bills. However, the authorities in charge of the monetary policies function under the control and politics of a board of currency which allows the authorities to enhance the money supply only after ensuring that the point country has sufficient reserves of the foreign currency that are es sential for backing up the sweetener of domestic currency within the nation (International Monetary Fund, 2009). More precisely, it is due to the following advantages of fixed exchange rates in the international monetary system that government prefers to preserve it. Firstly, due to the existence of fixed exchange rate system, price constancy in the international trading market can be ensured for the purpose of effective performance on trading. Price stability in the international trading market aids towards its growth and it also assures less risk for the businesses. Secondly, fixed exchange rates are termed to be inclined towards policies against inflation under this system. The countries are required to operate under strict policies related to some(prenominal) monetary as well as fiscal administration. Thirdly, the regimes under the system of fixed exchange rate demand from the Central Bank that it should uphold huge amount of foreign reserves in the form of both hard currencies and gold as well. This requirement of the fixed exchange rate regime helps in backing up risks that can arise due to any adverse situation of the international market (Fordham University, 2011). Along with the above mentioned benefits, another essential benefit sought by the government that make the fixed exchange rate system preferable for the government is that fixed rates are highly

HRM in Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HRM in Context - bear witness ExampleEmployee relationship management (ERM) has over the years emerged as one of the vital constituents of HRM which signifies to managing and establishing the inter-relationship between the varied employees in an organisation. These relationships can occur between the employer and employees and amid employees belonging to a particular level in an organisation. In this context, usage relationship is determined as the lawful association between employees and employers. This association prevails when an individual executes a particular proceeding service or work within certain specified condition in response for remuneration. Employment relationship facilitates to establish the reciprocal obligations along with rights in between the employee and employee. This relationship mostly facilitates workers to derive access to their fundamental benefits as well as rights related to their employment (International Labour Organization, 2011). In this regard, it is observed that within the periphery of employment relationship, HRMs responsibility is to ensure that the employees are always efficient, useful and productive. A few of the employment relationships facets include drafting the best procedure for the recruitment and selection process, preparing origin classification inculcating motivation, training and development for the betterment of the employees and organisation, scaling a payment status, performance appraisal along with ensuring sustained guidance to the staff. In relation to the context of motivation, it is observed that employees generally work to fulfil its psychological needfully, but they also need to take care of their relationship with the superiors or the employers, which forms one of the crux elements of employment relationships in the contemporary scenario (Budd & Bhave, 2006). With these considerations, the essay intends to discuss the antecedents and functions belonging to contemporary HRM in facilitating org anisations to manage employment relationships. Theories on Employment Relationship Management The notion of employment relationships is broadening day-by-day and has become a key chemical element to ensure that both employees and employers are contented with each other in terms of prevailing work process conditions. The approach of employment relationships actually has been developed from various subjects including economics, sociology, psychology, political science and history. It constitutes certain levels videlicet international, national, industry, organisational or corporate, workplace and individual (Rasmussen & Lamm, 2002). Within the aspect of employment relationships, the notion of hard and soft HRM needs to be specified. Hard HRM significantly incorporates elements within the aspect of employment relations focusing emphasis on workers compliance and quantitative output of the organisation. Similarly, soft HRM is a more long-standing and strategic perspective which suppor ts flexibility, quality, performance, recognition, negotiation and rights in terms of employment rel

Kantian and Utilitarian Theories and the Nestle Moral Issue Term Paper

Kantian and Utilitarian Theories and the Nestle Moral slue - Term Paper ExampleIt is evidently clear from the discussion that Nestle is a corporation in use(p) in home products processing and marketing arenawide. In the mid-1860s, it developed an babe-food formula as a postscript and/or substitute to breastfeeding. It then claimed humanitarian achievement after the formula was used by substitute organizations such as the Red Cross to feed starving babes in refugee camps. In third world countries, the Nestle product has also been used as an alternative to less nutritious local infant feeding substitutes. And today, Nestle is the third largest home food company in the world with gross gross revenue of nearly US$39 billion a year. But the Nestle success story is deflower by controversy as the company has been charged for gross violations of a World Health presidential term Code that affected both first world and third world countries. The controversy first emerged when in 1970, during a UN-sponsored Bogota meeting on infant feeding, a Protein Advisory Group (PAG) expressed busy about a worldwide decline in breastfeeding. PAG also sought examination of undue marketing-and-advertising of infant formula, which may have been the cause of this decline. Taking the cue for a sensational story, media made follow-up reports on unfair, dishonest and deceptive advertising by Nestle (village visits by health care dressed representatives, lax samples to new mothers, free or low-cost products, incorrect labels) allegedly designed for the adoption of bottle-feeding instead of breastfeeding by mothers. Outrage against Nestle came to a high point when a Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute testify that millions of infants suffered ailments or death due to bottle-feeding. The institute, however, did not clarify whether the cause was the infant formula or improper sterilization-and-storage of baby bottles and feed.

Social Identity Theory and its Impact on People’s Reactions to Petrol Queue Jumping Essay Example for Free

Social Identity guess and its uphold on Peoples Reactions to Petrol stand up Jumping EssayAbstractThis theater of operations aimed to check into whether the fond individuation theory applies when it comes to good deals answers to gasoline adjust start. It intended to ascertain whether participants show more(prenominal) reply to those who jump waiting lines, outside their own in-group (those who drive luxurious autos as opposed to non-luxurious car drivers). This depicted object was influenced by a similar experiment conducted by Helweg-Larsen LoMonaco (2008) about queuing among U2 fans and their reactions to find bound. The experiment knobbed 49 participants who indicated they didnt drive a luxury car, in a Melbourne metropolitan petrol queue, 26 of whom were males, aged 18-58 days (M =3382 SD = 11. 26), in addition to this there were 23 females, aged 18-61 age (M =33.11 SD = 11.26). A questionnaire was use which included basic information as well as stre ngth of identification with other drivers. sound judgement of how upset queue spring made them feel on a scale of 1-7 was also utilised.The results exhibit that there was a tenablenessably high reaction rate, with statistically significantly results that proved drivers have a high level of well-disposed identification amongst other drivers within the same friendly class. The hypothesis that those who wreak a non-luxurious vehicle will appear more distressed about queue jumping, when it is by psyche driving a car of luxury as opposed to some whizz who is driving a car that is considered non-luxurious was supported. This helps support the existence of the social identity theory although the implications of this atomic number 18 that perhaps a b laneer translation of what reaction to queue jumping needs to be developed, as well as victimization a bigger sample size of throng from several states or perhaps even countries.Social Identity possibility and its Impact on Peoples R eactions to Petrol Queue JumpingIts normal for virtually people to have a fundamental curiosity for finding out the causes of and therefore finding explanations for the behaviours demonstrated by humans. It is via this inquisition that queue jumping is explored, it is recognised as a human behaviour that more or less people will have to deal with in their everyday lives. It is generally known as the social phenomena where another person skips the line and rather then waiting at theend of a queue. Queue jumping, as it is commonly known, has been researched in various cases including research within the animal community. Particularly in a study about wasps, which demonstrated that queue jumping may be seen as a rationale for inheriting dominance (Bridge Field, 2007). This is not the sole study in regards to queue jumping, Milgram et al (1986) investigated the responses to queue jumping by assigning intruders to wait in queues (either single or multiple confederates) and they found that if there were more than one intruder it would provoke more of a reaction amongst the participants.They were also able to deduce from this study that those who preceded the intruders in the line felt more distaste for the queue jumpers as opposed to those in antecedent of the queue jumpers (Milgram et al, 1986). This study demonstrates the social implications that queue jumping can have on an individual(a) and the reason that so much weight has been assigned to the importance of researching queue jumping is because through this human interest, social theories, such as the Social Identity Theory have restrainn place. Social Identity Theory is a theory based on group membership as well as intergroup interactions that are based on self-categorisation, social comparison and the structure of a shared self-definition in terms of ingroup-defining properties (Vaughan Hogg, 2011). on that point are cardinal dynamics to social identity that are attributing causality for behaviours, these include social identity, which is the definition of self in terms of group membership as well as personal identity, which is when one defines self in terms of personal relationships and traits (Vaughan Hogg, 2011).The main(prenominal) component to the social identity theory is the in-group/out-group specialty which is an inevitable characteristic of social life, and many social psychologists are still very busy with the distinguish of intergroup differentiation (Tademir, 2011). This study is relatable to other research particularly one executed by Thoitis Virshup (1997) in which groups of people were classified into mes and wes and this is a clear representation for in-groups and out-groups. They discussed the notion that there is a sensory faculty of obligation and protection of ones own ingroup as they are willing to commiserate with those perceived to be similar to the individual as oppose to the wes who were seen as dissimilar to the individual (Thoitis Virshup, 1 997). In terms of human behaviour, social identity theory and queue jumping can beclosely interrelated as queue jumping has been was investigated by Helweg-Larsen LoMonaco (2008). In this study U2 fans where given a questionnaire whilst waiting in an overnight line to obtain floor spots at his concert the following day.The purpose was to reflect on their reactions to line-intrusion and the results showed that the queue is a social system and line intrusion was well-nigh upsetting to fans with a greater the commitment the more dedicated the fan the more upset they were by queue jumping (Helweg-Larsen LoMonaco, 2008). In regards to queue jumping, there is much curiosity as to whether the social identity theory can be proven but little research. It is important to study reactions to queue jumping simply because of the social implications that are derived from this, as understanding how people function within a social in-group and how they react to an out-group can be vital. Through this knowledge one may able to apply this to project solutions to problems such as peak hour traffic and how to best overcome this problem and avoid road rage and car-crashes. With that in mind the study below aims to investigate whether social identity affects how upset people feel about jumping a queue in order to purchase petrol. It is predicted in this study that those who operate a non-luxurious vehicle will appear more distressed about line intrusion, when it is by someone driving a luxury car rather that a non-luxury vehicle. This prediction is based on the social identity, assuming that the social identity theory can be demonstrated.MethodParticipantsThis study involved 49 participants who indicated they didnt drive a luxury car, in a Melbourne metropolitan petrol queue, 26 of whom were males, aged 18-58 years (M =3382 SD = 11.26), in addition to this there were 23 females, aged 18-61 years (M =33.11 SD = 11.26).DesignThe scheme utilised in this study was a one-way betwixt -factor design. In relation to queue jumping it compared participants reactions from (LUXURY) whether the queue jumper drove a luxury car in which 24 where allocated and (NON-LUXURY) whether the queue jumper drove a non-luxury car in which 25participants were allocated. As well as the main dependant variable macrocosm the measure of how distressed people felt about the queue jumping.Materials/ implementA questionnaire including background information (such as age gender number of years driving display case of car driven how long they had been waiting in the petrol queue whether they had waited in petrol queues in the beginning whether they had ever witnessed queue jumping and when and how much they usually paid for petrol) was employed. The questionnaire also evaluated their strength of recognition with drivers of non-luxury cars using Brown, Condor, Mathews, Wade and Williams (1986) 10-item measure of social identification (1 =strongly disagree 7 =strongly agree). A make out max imum account of 70 was possible on this measure. The questionnaire also implemented iv items that each metrical how distressed queue jumping (overall) made them feel (1=not at all upset, to 7= exceedingly upset). These items were revised versions of questions included in Helweg-Larsen and Lomonaco (2008) and a single measure/index (called REACTION) was calculated by summing the answers to these iv items with higher figures indicating that people were more distressed by the queue jumping. A total maximum score of 28 was possible on this form of measurement.ProcedureEthics approval was first obtained from Deakin University Human enquiry Ethics Committee. Participants were then selected in the Melbourne metropolitan region petrol station where queuing for reduction of petrol prices happened frequently. In the first occurrence, four drivers were employed and were requested by the experimenter to act as experimental stooges. Two of these drivers were infallible to drive a luxury car 1. a Maserati GranCabrio Sport and 2. a 2012 model Porsche 911. One of these (luxury car) drivers was asked to take up a place in a petrol queue and allow queue jumping to happen, while the remaining driver was expected to jump the queue to the place immediately preceding to that drivers hole in the queue. The other two drivers were asked to drive a non-luxury car a Ford Fiesta or a Holden Astra.One of these (non-luxury car) drivers was also required to take up a place in the petrol queue and to allow queuejumping to happen, while the other driver was asked to hop the queue in the place immediately preceding that drivers place in the queue. This meant that other people in the queue were on the fence(p) to the elements of queue jumping, that was being put up with, either among luxury car drivers or among non-luxury car drivers. The two queue jumping incidents were staged to take place at a distance of 10 cars from the petrol pumps, within the same day but separated by two hours in time (with queues reach for numerous blocks). No other queue jumping, besides those associated with the current study, was observed to have taken place. severally of the participants in the queue behind the place where the queue jumping occurred was approached, after the incident, by one of four experimental research assistants and they were then asked to answer a questionnaire about queuing for petrol. At the conclusion of the study, all participants were debriefed and notified that they were permitted to radio link the experimenter to gain access to results.ResultsTable 1Mean and Standard Reaction to Queue Jumping of high life and Non-Luxury cars N Mean Standard Deviation LUXURY 2425.712.10NON-LUXURY 25 23.60 2.14 TOTAL 49 24.63 2.35The results from Table 1 illustrate that the total Mean was 24.63, where the maximum response possible was 28 for REACTION (as well as a maximum of 70 on the social identity scale) and the total Standard Deviation being 2.35. This indicates that t he scores were relatively high in regards to the total amount possible. Using SPPS version20, a one-way between variable factor, ANOVA was carried out on the dependant variable of REACTION. Reaction was perceived bigger when the queue jumping was done by a luxury car driver (M=25.70 SD=2.09) as opposed to when it was by a non-luxury car driver (M=23.60 SD=2.14)(F(1, 48)=12.12p

Internal combustion engine Essay Example for Free

Internal combustion engine demonstrate?1. The seven louches who whitethorn arrest contri anded to the failure of GMs EV1 program are a. Customers (guilty) a. i. Consumers wanted a three hundred mile range and eighty-five mile per hour speed on their galvanizing gondolas but this was non plausible when running reach of a battery. a. ii. When customers compare motorcars they dont handle practically around the environmental risks they only voltaical charge round the price, the miles per gallon, and the mileage range. Customers had a difficult while passing the difference between regular cars and voltaic cars so there was not enough penury. b. stamp battery Technology (not guilty).b. i. Batteries were too weak to make the car go as far as consumers were hoping so they bought the less expensive gasoline fomites that could go the desired distance. c. Oil Companies (guilty) c. i. Oil companies got very involved with galvanic cars because if everyone were to dis lodge to battery operated vehicles, there would no longer being a large demand for gasoline. d. railcar Companies (guilty) d. i. The GM car didnt depend to be catching on and there did not seem to see a profit in electric or hybrid cars so they didnt see it as effective to keep manufacturing the car.e. Government (guilty) e. i. Government officials did not approve of the electric car so they did nothing to assist public Motors in selling it. e. ii. President Carter supported clean energy but President Nixon cared so little ab disclose clean energy he had the solar panels taken off the roof of the White House. f. C. A. R. B. California Air Resources Board (guilty). f. i. Lloyd was elected chairman of the board four months originally they got rid of the electric car and he persisted to demolish it. g. Hydrogen Fuel Cells (guilty) g. i.Hydrogen Fuel Cells seemed more(prenominal) appealing to consumers because Shell stations could provide hydrogen. g. ii. Hydrogen Fuel Cells had G eneral Motors beat because their cars could travel 100-125 miles per claim up while the EV could only travel about 75 miles. Also, hydrogen cars have about three to four generation more energy than a car running on batteries. 2. The suspect I feel is most responsible is the consumers because they only look at the simple facts they couldnt care less whether or not their car is destroying the environment.Consumers only care about the price, mileage, and miles per gallon of a vehicle which all lacked on the EV because car companies saw it fair to lose a bit of the prefatorial car features in ball club to improve the environment. 3. The nickel metal hydride battery enabled the GM EV1 to have a real world range of 250 km and the Chevrolet S10 achieved a range of 110 to 130 km with entire charge and can usually last for years on end depending on how many times you have to recharge the full battery.Today, nickel metal hydride batteries are commonly apply for cameras, camcorders, cell phones, knavers, health check instruments, etc. An interview published last year in the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists said that there was going to be a new approach to photovoltaic thin-film production that would allow factories to make enough solar panels in a year to produce at least one gigawatt of electricity yearlyroughly the scale of a nuclear power plantat the price of coal.The argument for thin-film solar panels is that thin-film solar can actually be cheaper than one dollar a watt, low price solar panels are opening up new markets (which could lead to a surge in demand), and the fastest, cheapest way to figure that demand could be building thin-film solar factories, since you can build those factories for a third as ofttimes as silicon solar panel factories.Although this seems beneficial, the main arguments against thin-film solar panels are the toll of everything else that goes into the final cost of solar power (including installation costs, which are now higher th an the cost of panels themselves), you can notwithstanding much more property if higher efficiency solar panels are put in because the company would have to buy less panels, and thin-film solar panels are actually less efficient than silicon ones. Because of the strong points of the argument, I do not think that putting in thin-film solar panels is worth the trouble when time and money could be saved with more efficient panels.4. The goal of Plug in America is to withdraw Americans to switch to a car that uses clean, affordable, domestic electricity for some or all of its energy. The best way to dress carbon emissions is to utilize the ever cleaner, greener, more renewable grid to power transportation. Only grid-rechargeable cars can reveal the end goal of zero-emissions and ensure fire price stability. Plug in America works with General Motors, Nissan, and Mitsubishi all of which sell electric vehicles. The main Plug in America is based out of San Francisco, California. approx imately 2005, all of the major automakers planned to call back their leased electric vehicles (which were only available in California) and crush them. A group of obtainrs formed to stop them and wanted to buy the cars they had been driving. They were unsuccessful with the GM EV-1 this was the sketch of the movie Who Killed The Electric Car. But GM did not crush the S-10 pickups, and the protestors saved half of the Toyota RAV4-EVs. Plug In America then kept up a continuous campaign to convince automakers that there is demand for electric vehicles, and that they should build them instead of crushing them.There are now several electric vehicles in the marketplace, and by the end of 2012 there will be dozens of models. Plug In America no longer needs to protest instead they now consult with the automakers and offer training to auto dealers. 5. The newest electric cars are a. The 2013 Smart fortwo electric car couple/convertible a. i. This car is available in consume dealers across the country. a. ii.This car gets 122 miles per gallon equivalent (1 gallon of gasoline=33. 7 kW-hr) in cities and 93 miles per gallon equivalent on highways.a. iii. Over a five-year span, someone with a Smart fortwo electric car would save about $8,750 because the annual fuel cost is only $600. a. iv. The driving range of this car in is 68 miles. b. The 2013 Scion iQ EV b. i. There will be approximately 90 iQ EVs available for sink and car-sharing applications at select dealers across the country. b. ii. This car gets 138 miles per gallon equivalent (1 gallon of gasoline=33. 7 kW-hr) in cities and 105 miles per gallon equivalent on highways. b. iii.Over a five-year span, someone with a Scion iQ EV would save about $9,250 because the annual fuel cost is only $500. b. iv. The driving range of this car in is 38 miles. c. The 2013 Honda Fit EV c. i. This car is available in California and parts of Oregon c. ii. This car gets 132 miles per gallon equivalent (1 gallon of gasoline=33. 7 k W-hr) in cities and 105 miles per gallon equivalent on highways. c. iii. Over a five-year span, someone with a Honda Fit EV would save about $9,250 because the annual fuel cost is only $500. c. iv.The driving range of this car in is 82 miles. d. The 2013 Fiat 500e d. i. At this time, this car is only available in California. d. ii. This car gets 122 miles per gallon equivalent (1 gallon of gasoline=33. 7 kW-hr) in cities and 108 miles per gallon equivalent on highways. d. iii. Over a five-year span, someone with a Fiat 500e would save about $9,250 because the annual fuel cost is only $500. d. iv. The driving range of this car in is 87 miles. Since the ranges of these electric cars are actually quite good, I would be able to drive an electric car in my daily life.On average, I dont drive very far but for days I do I think I would need to have a gasoline powered car that can be refilled quickly and easily at a gas station. At night, I would just have to plug my car in so that it cou ld be full charged in the morning and it would be sufficient enough to get to school and work. 6. The arguments for and against electric cars are a. One disapproval of electric cars is that they often just replace one source of carbon pollution with another. Instead of a combustion engine that burns gasoline, you get a plug-in vehicle that depends on electricity from burning coal. entirely in all, electric cars still look pretty good in comparison, especially since theyre not burning any gasoline and putting additional carbon in the air, but it looks like its not, strictly speaking, true that It takes more electricity to drive the average gasoline car 100 miles, than it does to drive an electric car 100 miles. This probably explains why Nissan abandoned its sticker. The energy comparison still looks positively charged for electric cars, but the talking point isnt nearly as neat and clean. b.In order to support large numbers of electric cars there will have to be an infrastructure create where these cars can be recharged. Although, even with charging stations, an electric car can take up to eight hours to fully charge and this is quite the inconvenience for people traveling. The idea of a swop has been presented where the driver gives in their used battery for a battery that is fully charged but doing this could cost the government a disseminate of money. c. Yes, the batteries that power electric cars (and hybrids, for that matter) can be recycled.For decades, lead-acid batteries powered the few electric vehicles that were on the road. The latest models, with their illumination weight and longer range, use lithium-ion batteries, just like laptops and cell phones. In either case, the batteries that power electric cars can be recycled. When the battery packs in a lithium-ion-powered vehicle are deemed too worn out for driving, they still have up to 80 percent of their charge left. So before they ever get to a recycling center, these batteries are used to pr op up the grid, especially alongside energy sources that may not be quite as steady, like wind or solar power.The batteries can set up power to help the flow of electricity stay on an even keel rather than ebb off and flow with the weather. An electric car battery is costly, but can last as much as 100,000 miles. They usually come with a 10 year or mileage limit warranty.Sources http//www. greenbatteries. com/nibafa. htmlHow%20many%20times http//www. pluginamerica. org/ http//www. fueleconomy. gov/feg/evnews. shtml http//www. wlv. ac. uk/default. aspx? page=31209 http//www. howstuffworks. com/can-electric-car-batteries-be-recycled. htm http//www. technologyreview. com/view/512746/dont-count-out-thin-film-solar/

The Sixth Sense Essay Example for Free

The Sixth Sense EssayNight Shyamalan uses symbolisation in this film to give it a creepy atmosphere. The names of most of the characters are symbolic, they relate to things that are dark and may reflect to the personality of the person. For example, Dr. Malcolm Crowe, his last name is Crowe equivalent a crow, which is the symbol of wretched or dark, dead things, and in the end he is dead. Coles name is symbolic because of Cole, which is the like cold which is what happens when ghosts get angry Sear his last name is symbolic because it is like the word conjurer which is a person that is a visionary or someone that can see things that others cant, like Cole. Vincents name is symbolic because his name is the same as the famous Vincent Van Gogh, a lynx that was insane and ended up shooting himself like Vincent Grey Grey is symbolic because grey is the intensity of being in between, its the colourise of neither black nor white, being in the middle of deuce worlds as Vincent Gr ey was. Lastly, in The Sixth Sense M. Night Shyamalan uses motif to explain extreme delirious pain that can be damaging to someone. Red is a big significance in the flick because when something is about to go wrong, the color red appears.When something frightening is about to happen somewhere on the screen, the color red appears. Another example of motif is the white hair on the back of Vincent and Coles head, because some hair on trauma victims goes white. By Shyamalan having Vincent and Cole sharing this feature, it shows a deep connexion between them. Using symbolism and motif people are able to figure out the expiration of the movie before it ends. Dr. Malcolm Crowe has been dead for the entire movie, and Cole Sear is able to deal with his problems.Dr. Crowe came to Cole to dish out him with his problem with being afraid of ghosts, but Cole also helped Dr. Crowe by helping him to move on. When Dr. Crowe stave to his wife while she was sleeping he was able to figure out tha t he was dead because he saw his wifes breath. Works Cited The Sixth Sense. Dir. M. Night Shyamalan. Perf. Bruce Willis, Haley Joel Osment. 1999. DVD. Buena Vista, 1999. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The Sixth Sense. 6 Dec. 2006. 9 Dec. 2006.

Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment Essay Example for Free

psychoanalytic individualizedity Assessment EssayPsychoanalytic theory was developed by Sigmend Freud. It is a system in which un sensible mind motivations ar considered to body-build rule and abnormal personality development and behavior. Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. Freuds Psychosexual Theory of Development explains that if there was a appointment in a level and not resolved that person would be fixated. Carl Jungs Analytic Psychology is according to the mind or psyche. Alfred alder trees Individual Psychology is the importance of each persons perceived niche in society. Freuds work is now the most heavily cited in all of psychology.Most of Freuds patients did not need treatment so he resorted to using hypnosis. He used the technique of free association in order to understand the causes of mental and physical problems in his patients. Dreams to him were adage as pieces and hints of unconscious. The problems of inner confli ct and tension are found in dreams. There are deuce-ace structured trigger offs in the mind according to Freud. The tether parts are id, ego, and superego. Freuds and Jung are compared by using unconscious sexuality in their theories. The id, das es in German means the it it operates according to the demands of the pleasure precept to reduce inner tension.Ego is the Latin word for I. Personality that deals with the real world according to the universe principle to solve real problems. Superego rules everywhere the ego and parts are unconscious, though it constrains our individual actions. Freud looked for means in minor connections thoughts and behaviors. Now 100 of years later there are no three levels id, ego, and superego. Freud was correct in concluding that certain parts of the mind are not subject to conscious awareness. His theories opened new approaches to mankind nature and psychotherapy.Carl Jung theory is divided into three parts just as Freuds theory is. The thre e are unconscious, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious. Freud and Carl embody the sense of self for unconscious. Personal unconscious are thoughts and urges that are unimportant at the present. This contains past (retrospective) and future (prospective) material to be compensated to have a balance. Collective unconscious is comprises a deeper level of unconsciousness and is made up of properly emotional symbols called archetypes. Archetypes are derived from the emotional reactions of our ancestors. Carl Jung was interested in the deepest universal aspects of personality and expanded ideas of the unconscious to imply emotionally charged images and expanded ideas of all generations.He also gives the concepts of complexes meaning emotionally charged thoughts and feeling on a particular them. Another thing is he describes personality as macrocosm comprised of competing forces draw against one another to reach equilibrium. Alfred Adler focused on the social world and i ts identity. Adler and Freuds differences were in the parentage of motivation. Freud theory was establish on prime motivations that were built on pleasure and sexuality. Adlers theory is based on motivations that are more complex. Adler was much more concerned with social conditions and saw the need to usurp preventive measures to avoid disturbances in personality. He believed personality problems can be avoided by using enlarge knowledge about individuals to construct healthier social environment.Personality typology based loosely on Greek notions of the bodily humors. He believed in positive goal oriented and nature of kind-hearted kind. There are two characteristics that I agree with which are Jungs personal unconscious and alders transcendence complex. There are two characteristics that I disagree with which are Freuds latency stage and Alders collective unconscious. Psychosexual Development has five stages oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, Oedipus complex, Electra c omplex, latency stage, and genital stage. Oral stage is where we satisfy our hunger and thirst. Anal stage is where we feel relief when defecating. Phallic stage is where adolescents focus on genitals. Oedipus stage is where a young boy wants to kill his father to marry his love mother. This is the opposite for girls in the Electra complex.Latency stage is where adolescents focus more on academics and friendships. Genital stage is where label the beginning of an adult life of normal sexual relations, marriage, and child-rearing. Challenges from the outer environment and from our inner urges threaten us with anxiety there are three defense mechanisms that I can relate to very well. The three are reaction arrangement, displacement, and rationalization. The processes that the ego uses to distort reality to protect itself are called defense mechanisms. Reaction formation is the process of pushing away threatening impulses by overemphasizing the opposite in ones thoughts and actions, e .g. Josephine was a classmate of mine in 2008. A lot of my peers in that year were exposing themselves to be either brave or lesbian.Josephines religious and outspoken background made her very judgmental towards her peers. Ultimately, the summer of 2009 being in the spotlight of high school she had a girlfriend. Displacement is the shifting of the target of ones unconscious fears and desires, e.g. Jason and I get into arguments all the time just as any normal couple. The dishes were not washes like I had asked. For some reason my frustration was at an all-time high. The dog tipped over the trash can in the kitchen and in the bathroom. Not to mention the dog feces in the living. I had enough so I kicked my dog, Charles. Rationalization is a mechanism involving post-hoc logical explanations for behaviors that were actually driven by internal unconscious motives, e.g.I want to move back home so that it will be easier for the baby and I just know it would be so much easier and a better opportunity for me to concentrate on school, but the underlying is that I just want to leave my current home. In conclusion, psychoanalytic theory was developed by Freud. This is a system in which unconscious motivations are considered to shape normal and abnormal personality development and behavior. Both Freud and Jung believed ego played a huge part in personality and the unconscious sexuality.Adler and Freuds theory differed by the origin of motivation. Freud believes in prime motivations were pleasure and sexuality. Adler believes in human motivations that are more complex. Like Jun Adler believed in the importance of the teleological aspects, or goal-directedness of human nature. Difference in Freuds and Adlers philosophies was that Adler was much more concerned with social conditions. He saw the need to take preventive measures to avoid disturbances in personality. In all of these theories helped open new approac hes to human nature and psychotherapy.ReferencesFriedman, H. S., Schustack, M. W. (2011). Personality. Classic Theories and Modern Research (5th ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Celebrity Endorser Influence Essay Example for Free

nonoriety Endorser Influence Essay repute Endorser Influence on military position Toward Advertisements and Brands Bahram Ranjbarian Associate professor of management, Department of Management The University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran E-mail Bahram1 emailprotected Zahra Shekarchizade curb Student of Business Management, Department of Management University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran E-mail emailprotected Zahra Momeni Master Student of Business Management, Department of Management University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran E-mail emailprotected Abstract Purpose- This study aims to analyze the notoriety subscriber mildew on strength toward advertizings and fools. Design/ modeology/approach A suppositional model is genuine and tested with a sample of 193 students in University of Isfahan in 2009. Structural equation modeling was use with LISREL 8.50 and the maximum samelihood (ML) method.Findings The findings show that berth toward distinction indorser shadower wreak o n attitude toward flaw directly or indirectly. In indirectly approach, attitude toward advertizement is as a intermediator surrounded by attitude toward fame indorser and attitude toward grass. On the an different(prenominal) hand, attitude toward repute contributor has not material center on get intention. Originality/value This paper provides a model connecting attitude toward famous person reader, attitude toward denote and attitude toward soft touch that has been examined and validated using a sample of students in University of Isfahan. penning type- Research paperKeywords Endorsement, Celebrities, Brand, Attitude, AdvertisementIntroductionToday one of the most prevalent forms of retail denote is through using of famous person authorisation (White et al, 2007). In fact notoriety endorsers ar being utilize in intimately 25 percent of all television publicizings in order to promote brands (Erdogan et al, 2001).These endorsers argon being paid by about 10 percent of advertisers budgets (Agrawal and Kamakura, 1995). Marketers invest huge amounts of money in contracts with celebrity endorsers each year, since they believe that celebrities chance upon the process of selling of their brands or products (Katyal, 2007). A celebrity endorser is a well cognize person (e.g., shams, sports figures and artists) be contract of his successes in a special field other than the endorsed product class (James, 2004). credit endorsers argon used by firms who want to 399European journal of Social Sciences sight 13, Number 3 (2010) support a product or service (Amos et al, 2008). Since presence of celebrity endorsers affects procure decisions of bringrs positively, producers and retailers permit ceaselessly preferred to use celebrity arcseconds in order to sell their products (Stafford et al, 2003 Erdogan, 1999 Kamins, 1990). Kaikati (1987) believes that using of celebrities in advertisings could excite umpteen bene equates and advantages including 1) facilitating of brand identification 2) changing or forming the damaging attitude towards a brand 3) repositioning an lively brand 4) global marketing or positioning of a brand or product 5) bear upon purchase intentions of consumers. Although using of celebrity endorsers as brand messengers is impressive, merely it could attain some risks. For instance, celebrities who be known to be guilty because of negative military issues (e.g., accident) may have harmful effects on the products that they endorse (Louie and Obermiller, 2002).Studies bust that using of beautiful celebrity causes to make up attitude towards advertisements. Such attitude towards advertisements is go underd as rational states which are used by individuals to organize the way they perceive their environment and control the way they answer to it (Haghirian, 2004). There is a considerable cor affinity between enviable attitudes with regard to advertising and rating of plastered advertiseme nts by respondents as being wishable, irritating, delightful, etc (Bauer and Greyser, 1968). fame endorsers fire awareness of a companys advertising, create positive feelings towards brands and are perceived by consumers as much amusing (Solomon, 2002).Thus using of a celebrity in advertising causes to influence brand attitude and purchase intentions of consumers in a positive way. laurels endorsement has a strong effect on consumers memory and accomplishment approach too. Most consumers are not in a purchasing situation when they are encounter with nitty-gritty of the brand. Marketers use celebrity endorsement in order to help soften storage of study in consumers minds which they posterior considerably find in purchasing situations (Schultz and Brens, 1995). However, there are many studies about celebrity endorser, but it seems that there are limited questiones about the relationship between celebrity endorser and attitudes. The purpose of this study is to specify the encroachment of using celebrity endorsers in Iranian advertisements on attitudes of students in University of Isfahan toward those ads and brands.Literature Review near properties much(prenominal) as likeability, capableise, trus 2rthiness and similarity cause a celebrity endorser to become a witness of persuasive information and this creates a sense of certainty which has been chance oned in many studies (Suranaa, 2008). Also physical attraction of the endorser is considerable in effectiveness of a message (Khatri, 2006). Acceptance of a message by a receiver could be influenced by celebrity endorsers as believable sources of information about a product or a firm (Amos et al, 2008). Using of celebrity endorsers to support products is explained by balance theory principles too. According to this theory, successful companies establish an emotional relation between the observer and endorser and a relation between endorser and brand too (Mowen, 2000).Before proceeding conceptual model, we describe the main constructs of this study. notoriety Endorser McCracken (1998) has defined celebrity endorser as any individual who enjoys public cognition and who uses this cognition on behalf of a consumer by appearing wit in an advertisement. Moreover, celebrity is used as testimonial, endorsement, actor or spokesperson by the firm. Research has take the standd that celebrity endorsement affects consumers feelings in general and it could affect the attitude of consumers towards the advertisement and brands too.This could result in enhancing of purchase intentions and as a result enhancing of sales. Some properties like credibility, physical attractiveness and likeability of celebrity endorser influence the ability of one person to electrical shock other person (Amos et al, 2008). seed credibility is referred to identifying of communicators positive properties which influences acceptance of a message by the receiver (Ohanian, 1990). This consists of two main dimens ions of expertise and 400European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 13, Number 3 (2010) trustworthiness. source expertise refers to the degree which a communicator is perceived to be a source of valid assertion (Roozen, 2008). Source trustworthiness refers to faithfulness and reliableness of the spokesperson (Khatri, 2006). Source attractiveness is the personality, likeability and similarity of endorsers to the receiver, thus to the perceived favorable values of the source (Solomon, 2002). Physical attractiveness of the source include being attractive, beautiful, elegant and charming. According to the studies in this ground, expertise dimension is more significant than physical attractiveness for matching of a brand with a suitable endorser (Brian and Michael, 1998). Likeability is referred to the positive or negative feelings that consumers have towards a source of information. We can define likeability as affection for the source because of its physical appearance and behavior (Erdogan, 1999).Though some research results reveal effectiveness of celebrities as endorsers (Freiden, 1984), but other researches suggest that celebrity endorsement may have diverse degrees of effectiveness depending on other factors like the fit between the celebrity and the advertised product (Till and Shimp, 1998). reputation Endorsers Effect on Aad and Ao Marketers are especially interested in consumers attitudes towards advertisements and brands. Essentially, attitudes are our predispositions with regard to things. An attitude shows whether we like something or not. Attitudes have three basic components affective, cognitive and behavioral. Affective is related to our liking or feelings about an object. Cognitive is referred to beliefs about an object and behavioral component regards actions we take about that object (Severin and Tankard, 2001). Attitude towards advertisement is defined as a learned tendency to respond in a consistently desirable or undesirable approach towa rd advertising in general (Haghirian, 2004).On the other side, attitude towards the advertisement (Aad) is whether the consumer likes an advertisement (Ad) or hates it. Determinants of Aad consist of attitude towards the advertiser, assessment of the Ad execution itself, the mood evoked by Ad, and the extent to which the Ad affect viewers encouragement. Assessment of brands could be influenced by attitudes towards Ads. Of course what causes an advertisement to be impressive bequeath change noticeably cross-culturally (Arnold et al, 2004). In performed studies, Aad is focused on as a mediator of advertisers effects on brand attitudes and purchase intentions (Suhere and Ispir, 2009). In recent studies, this issue has been proved that using of celebrity endorsement has a positive impact on attitudes of the consumer towards products and brands with which they are associated brand (Seno and Lukas, 2005).Agarwal and Malhotra (2005) have defined brand attitude as consumers general evaluat ive judgment of a brand based on brand beliefs. Such beliefs concern product-related attributes, like practical and experimental benefits. A successful endorser is able to enhance intentions and preferences towards brands directly or indirectly. An endorser who has major source factors of credibility (like expertise, trustworthiness and effectiveness) is able to impress purchase intentions of the consumer considerably (Liu et al, 2007). information from a credible source can impress ideas, attitudes and behavior through a process called internalization (Belch and Belch, 1993). Internalization occurs when the receiver is motivated to have an issue.The receiver learns and accepts the idea of the credible spokesperson, since he supposes that information of this person represents an accurate position on the issue. Therefore, if such spokesperson who is known to be an expert endorses a product, consumers go forth more probably have a desirable idea about that advertisement and brand and they will consider it in their shopping list the next time they go shopping. Researchers have used the identification process of social influence in order to explain the effectiveness of celebrity endorsers (Basil, 1996).This theory suggests that if an individual identifies with another individual, then he is more likely to accept an attitude or behavior of that individual or a group. The internalization process of social influence is occurred when an individual accepts influence because the induced behavior is congruent with his value system. An individual accepts the influence, since it provides a solution to a occupation (Daneshvary and Schwer, 2000). In the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), individuals level of motivation to process central message arguments is stand for which is one of its key factors that affects the relative impact of 401European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 13, Number 3 (2010) central and peripheral processing (Petty and Cacioppo, 1986). When appli ed to an adverting context, ELM suggests that consumers motivation to centrally process brand-relevant aspects of an advertisement is enhanced, the impact of central processing on brand attitudes should be enhanced, the effect of peripheral processing on brand attitudes should be reduced and the effect of brand attitudes on purchase intentions should be enhanced (Lafferty and Goldsmith, 1999). In this divinatory model, the endorser serves as discriminative stimulus just during peripheral processing. Therefore, the effect of the endorser should be reduced era central processing is enhanced. Mackenzie and Lutz (1989) have stated that advertiser credibility is a central processing cue more than any other thing. Credibility of the source is considered important in influence acceptance. A consumer will accept the accurate influence (information) and apply it if there the source is perceived to be credible. It is accepted because it is implore by ones own values.Therefore, a products endorsement by a credible source may impress purchase behavior (Danwshvary and Schwer, 2000). As a result, celebrity endorsement can increase the process of recalling and consume assessment of products (Khatri, 2006). On the other hand, celebrity endorsement has a severe effect on learning approach and memory. Researchers in the field of marketing and social psychology have analyze the manner of impressing of purchase decision by celebrity endorsements. Various hypotheses have been proposed including having recall of the product by celebrity endorsement, celebrities have credibility on expertise that makes the product more desirable or increases perceptions of quality the celebrity endorsers motion picture is transferred to the product so that those who use the product are associated with the image.Experiments suggest that celebrity endorsement can increase recall and consume assessment of the products in certain situations (Clark and Horstman, 2003). Most of the times, making conn ection with the brand message is occurred when consumers are not in a purchasing situation. Marketers use celebrity endorsement so that information will be kept in consumers minds better and in the case of purchasing situation, they can easily retrieve it (Surana, 2008).A successful endorser strategy can enhance the level of consumers recalling towards product information, reinforces consumers designation to endorsed brands, positively influences consumers attitude to low-involved products and even enhance consumers purchase intention and preference towards brands (Liu et al, 2007) Therefore, hypothesizes of the study are as follows. H1 Attitude toward ad is positively affected by attitude toward celebrity endorser. H2 Attitude toward brand is positively affected by attitude toward celebrity endorser H3 Attitude toward brand is positively affected by attitude toward advertisement. H4 Intention to buy is positively affected by attitude toward celebrity endorser methodData Collection Information was obtained from randomly selected students from University of Isfahan through survey questionnaires during September- nary(prenominal)ember 2009. University of Isfahan is one of the major universities in the field of science, human science and engineering. A total sample of 193 participants was obtained. The sample was composed of 137 women (71 percent) and 56 men (21 percent). A cluster sampling procedure with age and degree as main control variables was applied. The age of the respondents ranged from 19 to 30 years, with a mean of 24. all questionnaires were self-administered by the participants without interference from researchers. Measures The study uses multi-item scales to measure the constructs in our model. entirely items in the questionnaire were measured on a five-point Likert-type scale anchored from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). Some of the measures were available in the literature, though most were adapted to suit this European Journal o f Social Sciences Volume 13, Number 3 (2010) particular context. To measure attitude toward celebrity endorser we used ten items. Attitude toward advertisement and attitude toward brand were measured with six items and five items, respectively. In order to measure reliability of questions in the questionnaire, 30 questionnaires have been pre-tested through pilot studies. Then, amount of confidence coefficient has been calculated by method of Cronbachs alpha for which 0.83 % is obtained. This number shows that the applied questionnaire enjoys confidentiality or in other words the necessary reliability.ResultsMeasurement perplex Measurement model Structural equation modeling with LISREL 8.54 and the maximum likelihood (ML) method was used to give way the selective information.. LISREL is a structural equations modeling technique that traces structural relations in a set of data (Eriksson et al, 2004). Structural equation modelling was used because it allows to estimate multiple and interrelated dependence relationships and unobserved factors can be represented in these relationships. Additionally, measurement error in the estimation process is accounted for (Hair et al., 1998). The model is assessed with the relative fit index (CFI), standardised root meanresidual (SRMR), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and Akaikes (1987) information criterion (AIC). The measurement model provided a good fit to the data (CFI = 098, SRMR=0.058, RMSEA = 0.015 and AIC =396.22). All values of CFI, SRMR, and RMSEA meet the standards suggested by Hu and Bentler (1999) 0.95 for CFI, 0.08 for SRMR, and 0.06 for RMSEA.There are no Guidelines for the AIC but lower values indicate better fit.The fit of the structural model is good and is reported in Table I. In the following we will test our hypotheses and consequently report the standardised path coefficients. As shown in Table I, three of hypotheses are empirically supported and one of them is not confirmed. The effe ct of attitude toward celebrity endorser on attitude toward advertisement is significant (standardised path coefficient = 049). This shows that the higher the attitude toward endorser, the more the attitude toward advertisement.Attitude toward celebrity endorser also have significant effect on attitude toward brand (standardised path coefficient= 0.24), but this effect is comparatively weaker than its effect on attitude toward advertisement. On the other hand, the effect of attitude toward advertisement on attitude toward brand is significant (standardised path coefficient = 056). This clearly shows that attitude toward advertisement has the highest like path coefficient and therefore has the strongest influence on attitude toward brand. The results show that the effects of attitude celebrity endorser on Purchase intention is not significant (standardised path coefficient = 0.11). This means that attitud toward celebrities, does not necessarily incessantly translates into purchase intentions.DiscussionThe purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among attitude toward celebrity endorser and attitude toward advertisement and brand. Effects of a celebrity endorser on respondents assessments about advertisements and products endorsed by celebrities have been studied previously. There are some interesting findings for using of celebrity endorsers in Iranian advertisements. Attitude towards a celebrity endorser has a direct positive effect on attitude towards advertisement. Attitude towards advertisement has important effects on attitude towards brands, too and its effect is comparatively stronger than the effect of celebrity endorser. and the effect of attitude toward celebrity endorser on purchase intention is not considerable. Results of this study demonstrate that attitude towards celebrity endorser has an indirect effect on attitude towards brand. This result confirms outcomes of the previous research by Agarwal and Kamakura (1995), Till and Busl er (1998), and White et al (2008). When there is a fit between the European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 13, Number 3 (2010) endorser and the endorsed product, endorsers image helps construct the image of the brand in consumers minds.In fact, using of an attractive endorser has a positive impact on consumer attitudes towards a brand, because attractive endorsers have a tendency to get more attention than less attractive ones. On the other hand, experience of celebritys negative information can have an undesirable effect on the endorsed product. Transfer of negative information between the celebrity endorser and the endorsed product could be facilitated through cognitive relational pathway. We have considered social position of artists because people have more positive attitude towards artists. So, they distribute attitude towards artists to attitude towards endorsed brand. The association between attitude towards celebrity endorser and attitude towards advertisement has been s hown in numerous studies, as the relationship between sports celebrity endorsements and retail products adverting are reported (White et al, 2008) and sports celebrity endorsements are being used in advertisements to impress brand selection. It is recognized in one study that attitude towards advertisement is considered as an interagent that influences attitude towards brand (Suhere and Ispir, 2009).Results of our study reveal that attitude towards advertisement is as an interagent between attitude towards celebrity and attitude towards brand. In our opinion, Iranians are interested in artists and know them as credible sources. So, ads makers use artists as celebrity to impress viewers attitudes towards advertisement and thereupon attitude towards brand. According to previous studies about the effect of the celebrity endorser on purchase intentions, such as Kamins (1990), Ohanian (1991), Liu et al (2007), we expected that positive attitude towards celebrities move purchase intentio ns. But results of this study confirm research outcomes of OMahony and Meenaghan (1997). According to this study, attitude towards celebrities does not necessarily invariably interpret in to purchase intentions. It seems that Iranians consumer tendency for buying is influenced by other various items such as age, gender, income and education too.LimitationThis study has some limitations. The primary limitation of the present research relates to generalizability. The sample was qualified to students in University of Isfahan and this limits our results to be generalized, too. Another relevant consideration is that numerous girl students in university of Isfahan are more than its boy students. Also, this study relied exclusively on questionnaires to assess influence attitude toward celebrity endorser on attitude toward advertisements and brands, whereas this relationships need to be more investigated. On the other hand, this paper could not estimate effect of attitude toward celebrity endorser on purchase intention. In addition, our results are relational and not causative therefore, it can not be concluded from this study whether attitude toward advertisement and brand is only cause or result of attitude toward celebrity endorser.ConclusionIn this study the goal was to indicate the influence of using celebrity endorsers in Iranian advertisements on attitudes of students in University of Isfahan toward those advertisements and brands. The result of this study showed that the positive and significant relationship between attitude toward celebrity endorser and attitude toward advertisements and brands. By analyzing the output resulting from testing hypotheses, it can be concluded that attitude toward celebrity endorser has directly or indirectly influence on attitude toward brand.Consequences suggested that attitude toward advertisement was as a mediator between attitude toward celebrity endorser and attitude toward brand. 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