Heat Transfer Radiation Lab Report

mental faculty love up channelize shift Convection and ray of light Laboratory Date twenty-second March 2012 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION3 AIMS & OBJECTIVES3 Objectives3 To check empty Convection and Radiation3 Theory3 EXPERIMENT3 Apparatus Used3 Procedure4 RESULTS, CALCULATIONS, OBSERVATIONS & CONCLUSIONS5 Observations During Tests5 Table 15 Table 25 Calculations6 Calculating forefinger (Watts)6 Calculating instigate Transfer Emissivity (? )6 Emisssivity of a black body6 Calculating Q rad6 Calculating Q rad6 Calculating Q conv7 Equation for Free Convection7 Percentage values deliberateness7 Absolute public press calculation7 graph of insistency Against temp Difference8 Conclusions8 Conclusion11 emblematic Examples of disturb Transfer12 References13 List of take cares, Tables & Graphs14 fire up Transfer Laboratory Sheet I14 awaken Transfer Free Convection and Radiation Laboratory INTRODUCTION The purpose of this science laboratory is to trans variate innate and forc ed convection on a cylinder by measuring surface and close temperatures and relating the data to convection lovingness hit equations. AIMS & OBJECTIVES Objectives To investigate Free Convection and Radiation 1. Determine the emissivity (? ) of an comp one and only(a)nt part experimentally. . Determine the Heat convert coefficients by free convection Theory Natural Convection Heat canalize finished circulation of mobile due(p) solely to gravity Forced Convection Heat convert through and through circulation of melted due to forced runny social movement (fan, pump, and so forth ) Radiation Heat offred by surface p keenon emission, typically only heavy at TRoom Temp. EXPERIMENT Apparatus Used Figures 1 below shows the emptiness pump vessel and measuring equipment use The apparatus consisted of a modify element which was suspended inside a pressure vessel.The broadcast pressure in the vessel was varied by the use of either a lean valve or a 240v vacuum pump. The fi re up input to the e element was varied by up to 10W, the max working temp was non to exceed 200C and maintained at that temperature or slight throughout the experiment. The fire up, power Input, the element, vessel temperatures and the tune pressure inside the vessel was determined by the instruments provided for the experiment Procedure 1) Using the wall attach barometer the atmospheric pressure was 1018 mB The gage gives a reading of evaluate pressure (diff amidst the pressure inside the vessel and pressure outdoors the vessel)Absolute pressure (P) = pressure gauge reading + atmospheric pressure (mB) 2) Pressure reduced to 2mB and input voltage set to 8. 21 volts. 3) Observations and readings taken later on 15 mins to allow system of rules to stabilise and readings tabulated. 4) Item 3 reiterate with Vacuum pressure reduced by 12, 60, 200, 500 and then in conclusion with the bleed valve to the full open tabulated as before. 5) Bleed valve was then fully opened to a llow the pressure inside the vessel to meet atmospheric pressure and readings tabulated. RESULTS, CALCULATIONS, OBSERVATIONS & CONCLUSIONSObservations During Tests The initial observations were of the temperature, vacuum pressure and vessel pressures in congenator to the inside diameter of the vessel and element assembly. The Temp Diff verses Abs pressure graphical record below (Graph 1) shows the temp difference at zero free convection devoted by the equation for a straight line Y=MX+C Surface bea of the vessel was given as 3070mm? , instalment Length was given as 152mm and 6. 35mm respectively. The following Tables detail what is actually occurring to temperature and heat transfer inside the vessel.The table below shows the results from the tests carried out, using pressure gauge readings -1015 (mB), -1002(mB), -957 (mB), -815(mB), -515(mB) and 0. Pressure Gauge Abs Press Voltage Current Power fixings Element (vacuum) TEL TV (K) (Mb)1/4 W W % % WM-2K-1 revenue 21/4 = 1. 19 4. 7 1. 14 81 19 2. 57 WM-2K-1 133 161/4 = 2 4. 31 1. 66 72 28 4. 06 WM-2K-1 123 611/4 = 2. 79 3. 81 2. 13 64 36 5. 64 WM-2K-1 111 2031/4 = 3. 77 3. 25 2. 71 55 45 7. 95 WM-2K-1 97 5031/4 = 4. 73 2. 68 3. 24 45 55 10. 8 WM-2K-1 87 10181/4 = 3. 22 2. 27 3. 65 38 62 13. 66 WM-2K-1 Table 2 Calculations Heat losings in the connecting leads Q = (0. 94 x Volts x Amperes) in watts Calculating Power (Watts) Power = Volts x Amperes (Watts) Power= 8. 21volts x 0. 779 amps = 6. 39 (W) x Heat loses Power = 6. 39 (W) x 0. 94 = 6. 01 Watts Heat Transfer = 0. 94 x 8. 21 x 0. 779 = 6. 01 watts Calculating Heat Transfer Emissivity (? ) Emisssivity of a black body ( copper ) = 1 If ? = 1 Use ? = 0. 7 to work up Q rad ? = Q rad Joules or Watts A x ? x (T4 EL T4 v) ? = 6. 01(W) = 1. 2 ratio (307010-6 ) x (5. 6710-6 ) x (4364 292 4) Calculating Q rad for Pressure -1015 Mb Q rad = ? x A x ? x (T4 EL T4 v) Q rad = 0. 97 x (307010-6 ) x (5. 6710-6 ) x (4364 292 4) Q rad = 4. 87 Watts Calc ulating Q rad for Pressure -1002 Mb Q rad = ? x A x ? x (T4 EL T4 v) Q rad = 0. 97 x (307010-6 ) x (5. 6710-6 ) x (4264 293 4)Q rad = 4. 31 Watts Calculating Q conv for Free Convection at Heat input 4. 87(W) Q conv = Heat loss x Volts x Amperes Q rad Q conv = 0. 94 x 8. 21 x0. 779 4. 87 Q conv = 1. 14 Watts Equation for Free Convection Q conv = h ( Convected heat transfer ) x A x (T4 EL T4 v) Transpose for h (Convected Heat Transfer) h = Qconv h = 1. 14 = 2. 58Wm-2K-1 A x (T4 EL T4 v) (307010-6 ) x (4364 292) Percentage values calculation Qrad + Qconv = Qtotal 4. 87 + 1. 14 = 6. 01 Watts Qrad% = 4. 87/ 6. 0 x 100% = 81% QRad this is because it was non a perfect vacuum Qconv % =1. 14/ 6. 01 x 100% = 19% QConv this is because it was not a perfect vacuum Absolute Pressure calculation Abs Press = Gauge pressure Atmos Pressure =1015Mb 1018Mb = 31/4 Graph of Pressure Against Temp Difference pic Graph 1 Conclusions Temp difference for free convection crosses Y axis is at 160(K) fo r zero fluff pressure, the power by the heater element has transferred completely to the vessel by radiotherapy at his point. Natural convection is much prevalent at level temperatures whereas radiation is more prevalent at juicyer temperaturesPossible Sources of error acceptivity from the heated cylinder to its housing tube possible changes in ambient temperature Variations in surface temperature Heat Transfer by Convection and uses Heat typically does not flow through liquids and gases by means of conduction. Liquids and gases ar suaves their particles argon not fixed in place they move about the pop out of the sample of matter. The model used for explaining heat transfer through the pouch of liquids and gases involves convection. Convection is the process of heat transfer from one perspective to the next by the movement of fluids.The moving fluid carries cipher with it. The fluid flows from a high temperature localisation principle to a low temperature location. pic (Images courtesy Peter Lewis and Chris West of Standfords SLAC. ) To understand convection in fluids, Consider the heat transfer through the water that is macrocosmness heated in a fortune on a stove. The character reference of the heat is the stove burner. The metal jam that holds the water is heated by the stove burner. As the metal becomes hot, it begins to conduct heat to the water. The water at the boundary with the metal pan becomes hot. Fluids expand when heated and become less(prenominal) dense.So as the water at the toilet of the stinker becomes hot, its density decreases. The differences in water density between the bottom of the pot, and the croak of the pot results in the gradual formation of circulation currents. Hot water begins to rise to the top of the pot displacing the shabbyer water that was originally there. And the colder water that was present at the top of the pot moves towards the bottom of the pot where it is heated and begins to rise. These ci rculation currents slowly develop over time, providing the passage for heated water to transfer sinew from the bottom of the pot to the surface.Convection besides explains how an electric heater placed on the floor of a cold room warms up the air in the room. Air present abutting the coils of the heater warm up. As the air warms up, it expands, becomes less dense and begins to rise. As the hot air rises, it pushes some of the cold air near the top of the room out of the way. The cold air moves towards the bottom of the room to commute the hot air that has risen. As the colder air approaches the heater at the bottom of the room, it becomes warmed by the heater and begins to rise. Once more, convection currents are slowly formed.Air travels along these pathways, carrying energy with it from the heater throughout the room. Convection is the main mode of heat transfer in fluids much(prenominal) as water and air. It is a great deal said that heat rises in these situations. The mo re appropriate explanation is to say that heated fluid rises. For instance, as the heated air rises from the heater on a floor, it carries more energetic particles with it. As the more energetic particles of the heated air commixture with the cooler air near the ceiling, the average energizing energy of the air near the top of the room increases.This increase in the average kinetic energy corresponds to an increase in temperature. The net result of the rising hot fluid is the transfer of heat from one location to another location. The convection manner of heat transfer always involves the transfer of heat by the movement of matter. The two examples of convection discussed here oestrus water in a pot and high temperature air in a room are examples of natural convection. The driving force of the circulation of fluid is natural differences in density between two locations as the result of fluid being heated at some microbe. Some sources introduce the concept of buoyant forces to explain wherefore the heated fluids rise. We forget not pursue such explanations here. ) Natural convection is universal in nature. The earths oceans and atmosphere are heated by natural convection. In contrast to natural convection, forced convection involves fluid being forced from one location to another by fans, pumps and other devices. Many home heating systems involve force air heating. Air is heated at a furnace and blown by fans through ductwork and released into rooms at vent locations. This is an example of forced convection.The movement of the fluid from the hot location (near the furnace) to the cool location (the rooms throughout the house) is driven or forced by a fan. Some ovens are forced convection ovens they cod fans that blow heated air from a heat source into the oven. Some fireplaces enhance the heating readiness of the fire by blowing heated air from the fireplace unit into the near room. This is another example of forced convection. Heat Transfer by Radiation A final method of heat transfer involves radiation. Radiation is the transfer of heat by means of electromagnetic waves.To ray means to send out or spread from a central location. Whether it is light, sound, waves, rays, flower petals, cycles/second spokes or pain, if something radiates then it protrudes or spreads outward from an origin. The transfer of heat by radiation involves the carrying of energy from an origin to the space surrounding it. The energy is carried by electromagnetic waves and does not involve the movement or the interaction of matter. thermic radiation can occur through matter or through a region of space that is void of matter (i. e. , a vacuum).In fact, the heat received on Earth from the sun is the result of electromagnetic waves travel through the void of space between the Earth and the sun. All objects radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. The rate at which this energy is released is proportional to the Kelvin temperature (T) ra ised to the fourth power. Radiation rate = kT4 (Images courtesy Peter Lewis and Chris West of Standfords SLAC. ) The hotter the object, the more it radiates. The sun obviously radiates take away more energy than a hot mug of coffee. The temperature also affects the wavelength and relative frequency of the radiated waves.Objects at typical room temperatures radiate energy as infrared emission waves. Being in apparent to the human eye, we do not see this form of radiation. An infrared camera is capable of detecting such radiation. Perhaps you have seen thermal photographs or videos of the radiation surrounding a person or animal or a hot mug of coffee or the Earth. The energy radiated from an object is usually a collection or carry of wavelengths. This is usually referred to as an emission spectrum. As the temperature of an object increases, the wavelengths within the spectra of the emitted radiation also decrease.Hotter objects tend to emit shorter wavelength, higher frequency rad iation. The coils of an electric carouser are considerably hotter than room temperature and emit electromagnetic radiation in the visible spectrum. Fortunately, this provides a convenient warning to its users that the coils are hot. The tungsten fibril of an incandescent light medulla emits electromagnetic radiation in the visible (and beyond) range. This radiation not only allows us to see, it also warms the glass bulb that contains the filament. Put your hand near the bulb (without touching it) and you will encounter the radiation from the bulb as well.Thermal radiation is a form of heat transfer because the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the source carries energy away from the source to surrounding (or distant) objects. This energy is absorbed by those objects, causing the average kinetic energy of their particles to increase and causing the temperatures to rise. In this sense, energy is transferred from one location to another by means of electromagnetic radiation. Th e image at the dear was taken by a thermal imaging camera. The camera detects the radiation emitted by objects and lives it by means of a color photograph.The hotter colors represent areas of objects that are emitting thermal radiation at a more brutal rate. Conclusion The experiment described above provides a convenient method whereby You may investigate the different processes that contribute to cooling in a standard laboratory experiment. In particular, the measurements obtained to enable you to clarify the relative contributions from convection and radiation. Examples of Free Natural Convection Heat transfer by natural convection occurs when a fluid is in contact with a surface hotter or colder than itself. As the fluid is heated or cooled it changes its density.This difference in density causes movement in the fluid that has been heated or cooled and causes the heat transfer to continue. There are many examples of natural convection in the food industry. Convection is signi ficant when hot surfaces, such as retorts which may be vertical or horizontal cylinders, are exposed with or without insulation to colder ambient air. It occurs when food is placed inside a chiller or freezer store in which circulation is not assisted by fans. Convection is important when material is placed in ovens without fans and by and by when the cooked material is removed to cool in air.Convective heat transfer is a mechanism of heat transfer occurring because of bulk motion (observable movement) of fluids. Heat is the entity of interest group being advected (carried), and diffused (dispersed). This can be contrasted with radiative heat transfer, the transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves. Heat is transferred by convection in numerous examples of by nature occurring fluid flow, such as wind, oceanic currents, and movements within the Earths mantle. Convection is also used in design practices to provide desired temperature changes, as in heating of homes, industri al processes, cooling of equipment, etc.The rate of convective heat transfer may be improved by the use of a heat sink, often in conjunction with a fan. For instance, a typical computer CPU will have a purpose-made fan to ensure its operating temperature is unploughed within tolerable limits. Typical Examples of Heat Transfer CONDUCTION Heat conduction is an essential and commonplace part of our daily lives, in industry, and in nature. Whenever heat needs to be transferred through an opaque substance, the transfer must(prenominal) be by conduction.In a hot-water heating system, for example, heat from burning enkindle is transferred by conduction through the iron or steel of the tympanum to heat the water. Heat from a burner on a stove is conducted through the bottom of utensils to cook food. In nature, the surface of the earth is heated by the sun, and some of this heat is conducted to deeper layers of the soil during the day and back to the surface at night-the varying ability of different kinds of soil and water to absorb and conduct heat received from the sun has a profound effect on local and worldwide weather and climate. Examples Touching a stove and being burned -Ice cooling down your hand -Boiling water by jabbing a red-hot piece of iron into it CONVECTION Free, or natural, convection occurs when bulk fluid motion (steams and currents) are caused by buoyancy forces that result from density variations due to variations of temperature in the fluid. Forced convection is a term used when the streams and currents in the fluid are induced by external meanssuch as fans, stirrers, and pumpscreating an artificially induced convection current. Examples -Hot air rising, cooling, and falling (convection currents An old-fashioned radiator (creates a convection mobile phone in a room by emitting warm air at the top and drawing in cool air at the bottom). radiation therapy Heat from the sun warming your face- Heat from a lightbulb Heat from a fire Heat from anything else which is warmer than its surroundings. Gas chambers in Jet engines Circulation Boiler Furnaces Industrial example Radiation Heat transfer generally occurs in Higher temperature applications within processes with furnace temperatures above about 2200F (1200C). They usually have furnaces which use combustors such as in the metals, minerals, and counteract incineration industries.In general, the dominant heat transfer mechanism in those industries is thermal radiation. This is in contrast to lower temperature applications where both radiation and forced convection are often important. References 1 Understanding Physics, sections 11. 5 11. 7, John Wiley & Sons 1998. 2 C. T. OSullivan, Correction for cooling techniques in heat experiments. Physics Education, 25, 176 179 (1990). 3 The data acquisition system (data logger) used was the eProLab system developed under the Leonardo da Vinci Programme ComLab2 (project NO SI 143008) website www. e-prolab. com/comlab/. 4 In so me situations differences between Ts and Ta may be important see, for example, C. T. OSullivan, Newtons law of cooling a critical assessment, Amer. J. Phys. , 58 (10), 956 960 (1990). SHEFFIELD HALLAM UNIVERSITY cleverness OF ACES (2009), Process Engineering Lab Sheet. Multi Hole Extrusion Suranaree University of Technology, Last accessed seventh April 2009 at http//www. sut. ac. th/Engineering/metal/pdf/metform/04_extrusion. pdf ROYMECH Mechanical engineering and engineering materials. Last accessed 1st April 2009 at http//www. roymech. co. uk/Useful_Tables/Manufacturing/Extruding. tml Russ College of Engineering and Technology at Ohio University. http//www. ent. ohiou. edu/raub/manufacturing/extrusion. htmTypes%20of%20 extrusion Course notes and hand outs. Sheffield Hallam University List of Figures, Tables & Graphs Figure 1Vacuum Pump and vessel set up Table 1Pressure gauge readings -1015 (mB), -1002(mB), -957 (mB), -815(mB), -515(mB) and 0 Table 2Temp Differences of 144(K) , 133(K), 123(K), 111(K), 97(K) and 87(K) Graph 1Temp Difference Vs Absolute Pressure Appendixes Heat Transfer Laboratory SheetI pic Figure 1 Table 1 Temp difference free convection (160K)